Organic compounds to treat hepatitis B virus

ABSTRACT

The disclosure relates to compositions comprising a HBV RNAi agent. In some embodiments, the HBV RNAi agent comprises a sense and an anti-sense strand, each strand being an 18-mer and the strands together forming a blunt-ended duplex, wherein the 3′ end of at least one strand terminates in a phosphate or modified internucleoside linker and further comprises, in 5′ to 3′ order: a spacer; a second phosphate or modified internucleoside linker; and a 3′ end cap. In some embodiments, the 3′ end of both the sense and anti-sense strand further comprise, in 5′ to 3′ order: a spacer; a second phosphate or modified internucleoside linker; and a 3′ end cap. The two strands can have the same or different spacers, phosphates or modified internucleoside linkers, and/or 3′ end caps. The strands can be ribonucleotides, or, optionally, one or more nucleotide can be modified or substituted. Optionally, at least one nucleotide comprises a modified internucleoside linker. Optionally, the RNAi agent can be modified on one or both 5′ end. Optionally, the sense strand can comprise a 5′ end cap which reduces the amount of the RNA interference mediated by this strand. Optionally, the RNAi agent is attached to a ligand. This format can be used to devise RNAi agents to a variety of different targets and sequences. The disclosure also relates to processes for making such compositions, and methods and uses of such compositions, e.g., to mediate RNA interference. The disclosure also pertains to methods of treating, ameliorating and preventing HBV in a patient involving the step of administering to the patient a therapeutic amount of a HBV RNAi agent.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is the U.S. National Phase under 35 U.S.C. § 371 of International Patent Application No. PCT/US2014/058314, filed Sep. 30, 2014, which claims priority to and the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 61,886,760, filed Oct. 4, 2013.

SEQUENCE LISTING

The instant application contains a Sequence Listing which has been submitted electronically in ASCII format. Said ASCII copy, created on Mar. 11, 2015, is named PAT055929-WO-PCT_SL.txt and is 68,691 bytes in size.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present disclosure pertains to RNAi agents to Hepatitis B Virus (HBV).

In various embodiments, the disclosure pertains to a HBV RNAi agent comprising a first and a second strand, wherein the sequence of the first and/or second strand is that of any sequence of Table 8C (any of SEQ ID NOs: 138-157 or 217-220).

In various embodiments, the disclosure pertains to HBV RNAi agents which comprise any sequence or an 18-nt portion of any sequence in any of Tables 8B-8E or 10 (e.g., nt 1-18 or nt 2-19 of any sequence in these tables). In various embodiments, these HBV RNAi agents are blunt-ended.

In various embodiments, the disclosure pertains to HBV RNAi agents which comprise any sequence of at least 15 contiguous nt of any sequence in any of Tables 8B-8E or 10 (e.g., nt 1-15, 2-16, 3-17, 4-18, or 5-19, etc. of any sequence in these tables).

In various embodiments, the disclosure relates to compositions comprising a HBV RNAi agent having a novel format (the “18-mer format”). These HBV RNAi agents comprise a sense and an anti-sense strand, each strand being an 18-mer and the strands together forming a blunt-ended duplex, wherein the 3′ end of at least one strand terminates in a phosphate or modified internucleoside linker and further comprises, in 5′ to 3′ order: a spacer; a second phosphate or modified internucleoside linker; and a 3′ end cap. In some embodiments, the 3′ end of both the sense and anti-sense strand terminate in a phosphate or modified internucleoside linker and further comprise, in 5′ to 3′ order: a spacer; a second phosphate or modified internucleoside linker; and a 3′ end cap. In some embodiments, the disclosure pertains to a HBV RNAi agent that comprises a first and a second strand, wherein the first and second strand are both 18-mers, and the first and second strand together form a blunt-ended duplex, and wherein the 3′ end of the first strand terminates in a phosphate or modified internucleoside linker and further comprises, in 5′ to 3′ order: a spacer, a phosphate or modified internucleoside linker, and a 3′ end cap; and wherein the 3′ end of the second strand terminates in a phosphate or modified internucleoside linker and further comprises a 3′ end cap. In some embodiments, the disclosure pertains to a HBV RNAi agent that comprises a first and a second strand, wherein the first and second strands are both 18-mers, and the first and second strand together form a blunt-ended duplex, and wherein the 3′ end of both the first and second strand terminate in a phosphate or modified internucleoside linker and both further comprise a 3′ end cap. In some embodiments, the first strand is the antisense strand and the second strand is the sense strand. In other embodiments, the first strand is the sense strand and the second strand is the antisense strand. The two strands can have the same or different spacers, phosphates or modified internucleoside linkers, and/or 3′ end caps. The strands can be ribonucleotides, or, optionally, one or more nucleotide can be modified or substituted. Optionally, at least one nucleotide comprises a modified internucleoside linker. Optionally, the RNAi agent can be modified on one or both 5′ end. Optionally, the sense strand can comprise a 5′ end cap which reduces the amount of the RNA interference mediated by this strand. Optionally, the RNAi agent is attached to a ligand. The disclosure also relates to processes for making such compositions, and methods and uses of such compositions, e.g., to mediate RNA interference.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Globally, over 400 million people are chronically infected with hepatitis B virus (HBV), and more than 12 million reside in the United States alone. Of those chronically infected patients, up to 40 percent will eventually develop complications of liver failure from cirrhosis or development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). One of the key diagnostic symptoms of chronic HBV (CHB) is the high serum levels of the hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg or sAg) which may play a role in suppression of the host innate immune response. Clinical data in the recent years suggest that sustained virologic response is often associated with on-treatment HBsAg decline during the early phase of the treatment (as early as week 8). CHB patients who experienced larger and faster decreases in serum HBsAg levels achieved significantly higher rate (˜40%) of sustained virologic response as defined by sustained viral control post treatment. Current treatment options, comprising mainly of nucleoside/nucleotide inhibitors of the viral DNA polymerase, focus on reduction in the level of viremia and toleration of hepatic dysfunction, may have adverse side-effects, and select for drug-resistant virus variants during long term therapy. More importantly, these therapies cannot eradicate the intrahepatic HBV cccDNA (covalently closed circular DNA) pool in chronic hepatitis B patients or limit the transcription of HBsAg from the pre-existing cccDNA, nor do they affect the secretion of synthesized HBsAg into patients' blood to counteract the host innate immune response. As a result, these HBV treatments are in most cases life-long therapy and discontinuation often leads to virological relapse. Based on these observations but without wishing to be bound by any particular theory, this disclosure contemplates that novel therapeutic approaches, in conjunction with current nucleoside/nucleotide inhibitors, that target 1) elimination of the cccDNA pool, or 2) reduction of cccDNA-dependent transcription and synthesis/secretion of HBsAg will significantly enhance sustained virologic response among CHB patients and achieve a meaningful clinical cure of this debilitating viral disease.

There exists the need for novel treatments for HBV.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In one embodiment, the disclosure pertains to RNAi agents to Hepatitis B Virus (HBV).

In various embodiments, the disclosure pertains to a HBV RNAi agent comprising a first and a second strand, wherein the sequence of the first and/or second strand is that of any sequence disclosed herein, e.g., any sequence of Table 8C (any of SEQ ID NOs: 138-157 or 217-220).

In various embodiments, the disclosure pertains to HBV RNAi agents which comprise any sequence or an 18-nt portion of any sequence disclosed herein, e.g., any sequence in any of Tables 8B-8E or 10 (e.g., nt 1-18 or nt 2-19 of any sequence in these tables). In various embodiments, these HBV RNAi agents are blunt-ended.

In various embodiments, the disclosure pertains to HBV RNAi agents which comprise any sequence of at least 15 contiguous nt of any sequence disclosed herein, e.g., any sequence in any of Tables 8B-8E or 10 (e.g., nt 1-15 or nt 2-16 of any sequence in these tables).

In various embodiments, the disclosure pertains to HBV RNAi agents which comprise a first and a second strand, wherein the first and second strands are both 18-mers and together the first and second strands form a blunt-ended duplex, wherein the sequence of the first and/or second strand is the sequence of nt 1-18 or 2-19 of any sequence disclosed here, e.g., any sequence in any of Tables 8B-8E or 10.

The disclosure also relates to compositions comprising a HBV RNAi agent having a novel format (the “18-mer format”). These RNAi agents comprise a sense and an anti-sense strand, each strand being an 18-mer and the strands together forming a blunt-ended duplex, wherein the 3′ end of at least one strand terminates in a phosphate (designated herein as “p” or “PO”) or modified internucleoside linker and further comprises, in 5′ to 3′ order: a spacer; a second phosphate or modified internucleoside linker; and a 3′ end cap. In some embodiments, each strand terminates at the 5′ end with a hydroxyl, optionally linked to a 5′ end cap or a ligand. In some embodiments, the 3′ end of both the sense and anti-sense strand terminate in a phosphate or modified internucleoside linker and further comprise, in 5′ to 3′ order: a spacer; a second phosphate or modified internucleoside linker; and a 3′ end cap. The two strands can have the same or different spacers, phosphate or modified internucleoside linker, and/or 3′ end caps. The strands can be ribonucleotides, or, optionally, one or more nucleotide can be modified or substituted. Optionally, at least one nucleotide comprises a modified internucleoside linker. Optionally, the RNAi agent can be modified on one or both 5′ end. Optionally, the sense strand can comprise a 5′ end cap which reduces the amount of the RNA interference mediated by this strand. Optionally, the RNAi agent is attached to a ligand. The disclosure also relates to processes for making such compositions, and methods and uses of such compositions, e.g., to mediate RNA interference.

In various embodiments, the disclosure pertains to HBV RNAi agents which comprise a first and a second strand, wherein the first and/or second strands are 18-mers and together the first and second strands form a blunt-ended duplex, wherein the sequence of the first and/or second strand is the sequence of nt 1-18 or 2-19 or any sequence in any of Tables 8B-8E or 10, and wherein the 3′ end of the first and/or second strand terminates in a phosphate or modified internucleoside linker and further comprises, in 5′ to 3′ order: a spacer and a 3′ end cap.

In some embodiments of the HBV RNAi agent, the spacer is ribitol or other type of abasic nucleotide. In some embodiments of the HBV RNAi agent, the spacer is a ribitol or other type of abasic nucleotide, 2′-deoxyribitol, or 2′-methoxyethoxy ribitol (ribitol with 2′-MOE), a C3, C4, C5 or C6, or 4-methoxybutane-1,3-diol.

In various embodiments, the spacer is ribitol or other type of abasic nucleotide, 2′-deoxy-ribitol, diribitol, 2′-methoxyethoxy-ribitol (ribitol with 2′-MOE), C3, C4, C5, C6, or 4-methoxybutane-1,3-diol. In various embodiments, the spacers on the sense and anti-sense strands can be the same or different.

In various embodiments, the modified internucleoside linker is selected from phosphorothioate, phosphorodithioate, phosphoramidate, boranophosphonoate, an amide linker, and a compound of formula (I):

(I), where R³ is selected from O⁻, S⁻, NH₂, BH₃, CH₃, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl, C₁₋₆ alkoxy and C₆₋₁₀ aryl-oxy, wherein C₁₋₆ alkyl and C₆₋₁₀ aryl are unsubstituted or optionally independently substituted with 1 to 3 groups independently selected from halo, hydroxyl and NH₂; and R⁴ is selected from O, S, NH, or CH₂.

In various embodiments, the 3′ end cap is selected from those represented by formula 1a or 1b, disclosed in Tables 1A, 1B, 1C, 1D, 1E, or 1, or otherwise described herein or known in the art. In various embodiments, the 3′ end caps on the sense and anti-sense strands can be the same or different.

In one embodiment, the 3′ end cap encompasses a compound of formula 1a:

in which: X is the 3′ end of a strand of a HBV RNAi agent, or the 3′ end of a molecule comprising a 18-mer strand, wherein the 3′ end of the 18-mer strand terminates in a phosphate or internucleoside linker and optionally further comprises, in 5′ to 3′ order: a spacer and a second phosphate or internucleoside linker; Y is CH or N; m is 0 or 1; p is 1, 2 or 3; R₃ is hydrogen, 2-(hydroxy-methyl)-benzyl, 3-(hydroxy-methyl)-benzyl, succinate, or a solid support; wherein the (CH₂)_(m)—O—R₃ moiety is attached to the phenyl ring at position 3 or 4; R₄ is hydrogen; R₅ is hydrogen; or R₄ and R₅, together with the phenyl rings to which R₄ and R₅ are attached, form 6H-benzo[c]chromene.

In various embodiments, the 3′ end cap encompasses a compound selected from Table 1A.

TABLE1A

in which: X is the 3′ end of a strand of a HBV RNAi agent, or the 3′ end of a molecule comprising a 18-mer strand, wherein the 3′ end of the 18-mer strand terminates in a phosphate or internucleoside linker and optionally further comprises, in 5′ to 3′ order: a spacer and a second phosphate or internucleoside linker.

In one embodiment, the 3′ end cap encompasses a compound of formula Ib:

in which: X is the 3′ end of a strand of a HBV RNAi agent, or the 3′ end of a molecule comprising a 18-mer strand, wherein the 3′ end of the 18-mer strand terminates in a phosphate or internucleoside linker and optionally further comprises, in 5′ to 3′ order: a spacer and a second phosphate or internucleoside linker; q is 0, 1 or 2; R₆ is phenyl which is unsubstituted or substituted with a group selected from benzoxy and 3,4-dihydroxybutyl; R₇ is hydrogen or hydroxy-ethyl, wherein if R₇ is hydroxy-ethyl, the hydroxyl can be optionally functionalized as succinate or attached to a solid support; R₈ is hydrogen or methoxy; Y₁ is CH or N; and Y₂ is N or CR₉; wherein R₉ is selected from hydrogen and methyl.

In various embodiments, the 3′ end cap encompasses a compound selected from Table 1B.

TABLE 1B

in which: X is the 3′ end of a strand of a HBV RNAi agent, or the 3′ end of a molecule comprising a 18-mer strand, wherein the 3′ end of the 18-mer strand terminates in a phosphate or internucleoside linker and optionally further comprises, in 5′ to 3′ order: a spacer and a second phosphate or internucleoside linker.

In various embodiments, the 3′ end cap encompasses a compound selected from Table 1C.

TABLE 1C

in which: X is the 3′ end of a strand of a HBV RNAi agent, or the 3′ end of a molecule comprising a 18-mer strand, wherein the 3′ end of the 18-mer strand terminates in a phosphate or internucleoside linker and optionally further comprises, in 5′ to 3′ order: a spacer and a second phosphate or internucleoside linker, and q is selected from 1 and 2.

In various embodiments, the 3′ end cap encompasses a compound selected from Table 1D.

TABLE 1D

in which: X is the 3′ end of a strand of a HBV RNAi agent, or the 3′ end of a molecule comprising a 18-mer strand, wherein the 3′ end of the 18-mer strand terminates in a phosphate or internucleoside linker and optionally further comprises, in 5′ to 3′ order: a spacer and a second phosphate or internucleoside linker.

In various embodiments, the 3′ end cap encompasses a compound selected from Table 1E.

TABLE 1E

X is the 3′ end of a strand of a HBV RNAi agent, or the 3′ end of a molecule comprising a 18-mer strand, wherein the 3′ end of the 18-mer strand terminates in a phosphate or internucleoside linker and optionally further comprises, in 5′ to 3′ order: a spacer and a second phosphate or internucleoside linker.

In various other embodiments, the 3′ end cap is selected from: Triethylene glycol, Cyclohexyl (or Cyclohex), Phenyl, BP (Biphenyl), Adamantane and Lithocholic acid (or Lithochol). These are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 8,097,716; 8,084,600; 8,344,128; 8,404,831; and 8,404,832.

In some embodiments, the 3′ end cap is a ribitol or other type of abasic nucleotide. Thus, in some embodiments, the HBV RNAi agent comprises an 18-mer strand, wherein the 3′ end of the 18-mer strand terminates in a phosphate or modified internucleoside linker and further comprises, in 5′ to 3′ order: a spacer (e.g., a ribitol or other type of abasic nucleotide, C3, C4, C5, C6, etc.), a phosphate or modified internucleoside linker, and a 3′ end cap (e.g., a second ribitol or other type of abasic nucleotide).

Thus, in some embodiments, the HBV RNAi agent comprises an 18-mer strand, wherein the 3′ end of the 18-mer strand terminates in a phosphate or modified internucleoside linker and further comprises, in 5′ to 3′ order: a ribitol or other type of abasic nucleotide, a phosphate or modified internucleoside linker, and a second ribitol or other type of abasic nucleotide.

In some embodiments, the HBV RNAi agent comprises an 18-mer strand, wherein the 3′ end of the 18-mer strand terminates in a phosphate and further comprises, in 5′ to 3′ order: a ribitol or other type of abasic nucleotide, a phosphate, and a second ribitol or other type of abasic nucleotide. Such a structure is sometimes designated a “Diribitol” (as diagrammed in FIG. 17. An 18-mer to ELAV1 comprising such a structure is shown to mediate RNAi interference in Table 7 (see “18-mer siRNA with ribprib”).

In some embodiments, the HBV RNAi agent comprises an 18-mer strand, wherein the 3′ end of the 18-mer strand terminates in a phosphate or modified internucleoside linker and further comprises, in 5′ to 3′ order: a spacer, a phosphate or modified internucleoside linker and 3′ end cap which is a diribitol. Thus: In some embodiments, the RNAi agent comprises an 18-mer strand, wherein the 3′ end of the 18-mer strand terminates in a phosphate or modified internucleoside linker and further comprises, in 5′ to 3′ order: a spacer (e.g., a ribitol, C3, C4, C5, C6, etc.), a phosphate or modified internucleoside linker, and a 3′ end cap (e.g., a diribitol). In one embodiment, the RNAi agent comprises an 18-mer strand, wherein the 3′ end of the 18-mer strand comprises a phosphate and further comprises: a spacer which is ribitol, a second phosphate, and a 3′ end cap which is di-ribitol (e.g., a second ribitol, a third phosphate and a third ribitol). This last embodiment is sometimes designated a “tri-ribitol”.

In some embodiments, the HBV RNAi agent comprises a 18-mer strand, wherein the 3′ end of the 18-mer strand terminates in a phosphate or modified internucleoside linker and further comprises a 3′ end cap (but no spacer, or phosphate or modified internucleoside linker). Thus: In some embodiments, the RNAi agent comprises an 18-mer strand, wherein the 3′ end of the 18-mer strand terminates in a phosphate or modified internucleoside linker and further comprises a 3′ end cap (e.g., BP, C6, X058 or any other 3′ end cap disclosed herein).

In some embodiments, the HBV RNAi agent comprises an 18-mer strand terminating in a 3′ phosphate or modified internucleoside linker, and further comprising a spacer (but no phosphate or modified internucleoside linker, or 3′ end cap). Thus: In some embodiments, the RNAi agent comprises an 18-mer strand terminating in a 3′ phosphate or modified internucleoside linker, and further comprising a spacer (e.g., ribitol). In some embodiments, the RNAi comprises an 18-mer strand terminating in a 3′ phosphate or modified internucleoside linker, and further comprising a spacer (e.g., a ribitol). In some embodiments, the RNAi comprises an 18-mer strand terminating in a 3′ phosphate or modified internucleoside linker, and further comprising, in 5′ to 3′ order, a spacer (e.g., a ribitol), a second phosphate or modified internucleoside linker, and a second spacer (e.g., ribitol).

In various embodiments, one or both strands can comprise ribonucleotide subunits, or one or more nucleotide can optionally be modified or substituted. Thus, in various embodiments, the RNAi agent can either contain only naturally-occurring ribonucleotide subunits, or one or more modifications to the sugar, phosphate or base of one or more of nucleotide subunits. In one embodiment, the modifications improve efficacy, stability and/or reduce immunogenicity of the RNAi agent.

One aspect of the present disclosure relates to a RNAi agent comprising at least one non-natural nucleobase. In certain embodiments, the non-natural nucleobase is difluorotolyl, nitroindolyl, nitropyrrolyl, or nitroimidazolyl. In a particular embodiment, the non-natural nucleobase is difluorotolyl. In certain embodiments, only one of the two strands contains a non-natural nucleobase. In certain embodiments, both of the strands contain a non-natural nucleobase.

In one embodiment, the first two base-pairing nucleotides on the 3′ end of the sense and/or anti-sense strand are modified. In one embodiment, the first two base-pairing nucleotides on the 3′ end of the sense and/or anti-sense strand are 2′-MOE (a 2′ MOE clamp).

In one embodiment, the 3′ terminal phosphate of the sense and/or anti-sense strands is replaced by a modified internucleoside linker.

In various embodiments, one or more nucleotides is modified or is substituted with DNA, a peptide nucleic acid (PNA), locked nucleic acid (LNA), morpholino nucleotide, threose nucleic acid (TNA), glycol nucleic acid (GNA), arabinose nucleic acid (ANA), 2′-fluoroarabinose nucleic acid (FANA), cyclohexene nucleic acid (CeNA), anhydrohexitol nucleic acid (HNA), and/or unlocked nucleic acid (UNA).

In various embodiments, at least one nucleotide comprises a modified internucleoside linker, wherein the modified internucleoside linker is selected from phosphorothioate, phosphorodithioate, phosphoramidate, boranophosphonoate, an amide linker, and a compound of formula (I).

In one embodiment, at least one nucleotide of the RNAi agent is modified.

In one embodiment, said at least one modified nucleotide is selected from among 2′ alkoxyribonucleotide, 2′ alkoxyalkoxy ribonucleotide, or 2′-fluoro ribonucleotide. In another embodiment, said at least one modified nucleotide is selected from 2′-OMe, 2′-MOE and 2′-H. In various aspects, the nucleotide subunit is chemically modified at the 2′ position of the sugar. In one aspect, the 2′ chemical modification is selected from a halo, a C1-10 alkyl, a C1-10 alkoxy, a halo, and the like. In specific aspects, the 2′ chemical modification is a C1-10 alkoxy selected from —OCH₃ (i.e., “OMe”), —OCH₂CH₃ (i.e., “OEt”) or —CH₂OCH₂CH₃ (i.e., methoxyethyl or “MOE”); or is a halo selected from F.

In various embodiments, one or more nucleotides is modified or is DNA or is replaced by a peptide nucleic acid (PNA), locked nucleic acid (LNA), morpholino nucleotide, threose nucleic acid (TNA), glycol nucleic acid (GNA), arabinose nucleic acid (ANA), 2′-fl uoroarabinose nucleic acid (FANA), cyclohexene nucleic acid (CeNA), anhydrohexitol nucleic acid (HNA), and/or unlocked nucleic acid (UNA); and/or at least one nucleotide comprises a modified internucleoside linker (e.g., wherein at least one phosphate of a nucleotide is replaced by a modified internucleoside linker), wherein the modified internucleoside linker is selected from phosphorothioate, phosphorodithioate, phosphoramidate, boranophosphonoate, an amide linker, and a compound of formula (I) (as described elsewhere herein).

In one embodiment, the first two base-pairing nucleotides on the 3′ end of the first and/or second strand are modified.

In one embodiment, the first two base-pairing nucleotides on the 3′ end of the first and/or second strand are 2′-MOE.

In various embodiments, optionally the 3′ terminal phosphate of the sense and/or anti-sense strands is replaced by a modified internucleoside linker.

In various embodiments, the RNAi agent can be modified on one or both 5′ end. In various embodiments, the sense strand can comprise a 5′ end cap which reduces the amount of the RNA interference mediated by this strand.

In various embodiments, the sense strand comprises a 5′ end cap selected: a nucleotide lacking a 5′ phosphate or 5′-OH; a nucleotide lacking a 5′ phosphate or a 5′-OH and also comprising a 2-OMe or 2′-MOE modification; 5′-deoxy-2′-O-methyl modification; 5′-OME-dT; ddT; and 5′-OTr-dT.

In various embodiments, the RNAi agent is optionally attached to a ligand. The ligand can be selected to improve one or more characteristic, such as, e.g., stability, distribution and/or cellular uptake of the agent, e.g., cholesterol or a derivative thereof.

In various embodiments, the RNAi agent can be isolated or be part of a pharmaceutical composition used for the methods described herein or known in the art.

In various embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition can be a lipid nanoparticle.

In various embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition can be a lipid nanoparticle Optionally, the pharmaceutical compositions can further comprise or be used in conjunction with any known treatment for any target gene-related disease.

The present disclosure further provides methods for reducing the level of target gene mRNA in a cell, particularly in the case of a disease characterized by over-expression or hyper-activity of the target gene product. The present disclosure also encompasses a method of treating a human subject having a pathological state mediated at least in part by target gene expression. Such methods comprise the step of administering to the subject a therapeutic amount of one or more of the RNAi agents of the present disclosure. In various methods, the HVC RNAi agents can be used to treat or ameliorate HBV in human and other patients.

In another embodiment, the invention provides an RNAi agent with any one or more of the above properties for use as a medicament.

The methods and compositions of the present disclosure, e.g., the methods and target gene RNAi agent compositions, can be used with any dosage and/or formulation described herein, as well as with any route of administration described herein or known in the art.

In various embodiments, the HBV RNAi agent can be combined with one or more additional HBV RNAi agents in the same formulation. The one or more additional RNAi agents can have the same or different sequences, phosphates or modified internucleoside linkers, spacers, 3′ end caps, nucleotide replacements modifications, and/or ligands, etc. In various embodiments, the one or more additional RNAi agents can have a sense and an anti-sense strand wherein each is an 18-mer and together form a blunt-ended duplex. The one or more additional RNAi agent can target the same or different sequence. In various embodiments, the HBV RNAi agent can be combined with one or more additional RNAi agents which target a different target (i.e., a target which is not HBV), but which is associated with HBV or required by HBV.

Thus: Multiple RNAi agents can be administered separately or co-administered. The multiple RNAi agents can be administered in the same delivery vehicle, the same type of delivery vehicle, or in different delivery vehicles.

Various additional embodiments are described below.

The details of one or more embodiments of the present disclosure are set forth in the accompanying drawings and the description below.

The details of one or more aspects of the present disclosure are set forth in the accompanying drawings and the description below. Elements of the various aspects (e.g., sequences, modifications, substitutions, spacers, modified internucleoside linkers, endcaps, combinations of RNAi agents, delivery vehicles, combination therapy involving a RNAi agent and another agent, etc.) disclosed herein or known in the art which are not mutually exclusive can be combined with each other, provided that the agent or agents are still capable of mediating RNA interference. For example, any RNAi agent sequence disclosed herein can be combined with any set of modifications or endcaps disclosed herein. Similarly, any combination of modifications, 5′ end caps, and/or 3′ end caps can be used with any RNAi agent sequence disclosed herein. Any RNAi agent disclosed herein (with any combination of modifications or endcaps or without either modifications or endcaps) can be combined with any other RNAi agent or other treatment composition or method disclosed herein.

Other features, objects, and advantages of the present disclosure will be apparent from this description, the drawings, and from the claims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

FIG. 1 illustrates the structures and sequence of the RNAi agents comprising a 3′ end cap used in Example 1. In this figure, the generic antisense sequence is SEQ ID NO: 1; the generic sense sequence is SEQ ID NO: 2; the antisense mF7 (mouse Factor VII) sequence is SEQ ID NO: 3; and the sense mF7 sequence is SEQ ID NO: 4. The structures of the 3′ end caps are provided herein and/or in U.S. Pat. No. 8,084,600.

FIG. 2 shows the efficacy of a RNAi agent comprising a 3′ end cap [C3, C6, C12, glycol (triethylene glycol), cyclohexyl, phenyl, biphenyl, lithochol, C7 amino or C3 amino] as described in Example 1, in allowing the RNAi agent to mediate RNA interference. The structure of these 3′ end caps is described herein and/or in U.S. Pat. No. 8,084,600.

FIG. 3 shows the efficacy of the 3′ end caps described in Example 1 in reducing and/or preventing nuclease degradation in serum.

FIGS. 4A and 4B show residual expression level, indicating in vitro RNA interference or KD (knockdown) mediated by various RNAi agents comprising an 18-mer guide strand, wherein the 3′ end of the 18-mer strand terminates in a phosphate and and further comprises: a spacer (ribitol or Rib) and a 3′ end cap; or only a 3′ end cap. In various constructs 3′ end cap used is: BP (biphenyl), C6, X027, X038, X050, X051, X052, X058, X059, X060, X061, X062, X063, X064, X065, X066, X067, X068, and X069, as described in Example 3A. These RNAi agents are without a 2′-MOE clamp (−) or with a 2′-MOE clamp (MOE); or without a ribitol spacer (−) or with a ribitol spacer (rib). Descriptions for FIG. 5A are provided at the bottom of FIG. 5B, and this data pertains to Example 3A.

FIGS. 5A and 5B detail some of the RNAi agents used in the data shown in FIGS. 5A and 5B and Example 3A. The strands of these RNAi agents comprise a human sequence (hs) 18-mer to Hepcidin (HAMP), wherein the 3′ end of the 18-mer terminates in a phosphate and further comprises, in 5′ to 3′ a spacer (ribitol), a phosphate, and a 3′ end cap (C6 or X058). In FIG. 5A, the sequences are represented, from top to bottom, by SEQ ID NOs: 5 to 17. In FIG. 5B, the sequences are represented, from top to bottom, by SEQ ID NOs: 18 to 30.

FIG. 6 illustrates mouse hepcidin mm reporter levels at 72 hours in COS1 cells, with a dose range of 1.57 to 15 nM. The guide strand of mouse Hepcidin sequence 254 is SEQ ID NO: 49. The RNAi agents used comprised an 18-mer guide strand, wherein the 3′ end of the 18-mer strand terminates in a phosphate and further comprises, in 5′ to 3′ order: a spacer (ribitol), a phosphate and a 3′ end cap. The various 3′ end caps used include: X027, X058, X067, X038, X069, and X052. The format of the strands is indicated, as described in Example 3A.

FIGS. 7A and 7B show that in both the ABI Hamp1 Taqman assay (FIG. 8A) and the Hamp1 specific Taqman Assay (FIG. 8B) all of the RNAi agents with different 3′ end caps were able to mediate Hepcidin knockdown in vivo at 48 hours post-dose, with a 1×3 mg/kg dose. 3′ end caps used were: X052, X058, X067, X038, X069, and X027, with C6 as a control, as described in Example 3B. These are RNAi agents to mouse Hepcidin tested in vivo.

FIG. 8A shows that in the Hamp1 specific Taqman assay, the mouse hepcidin 18-mer Hamp 254 duplex comprising the X058 3′ end cap was still able to mediate RNA interference (measured by Hepcidin knockdown) at 168 hours (7 days) post-dose in vivo, with a 1×3 mg/kg dose, as described in Example 3B. FIG. 8B shows the increased association of the duplex comprising the X058 3′ end cap with Ago2, compared to the association of the duplex comprising the C6 3′ end cap. These are RNAi agents to mouse Hepcidin tested in vivo.

FIG. 9 shows the in vivo comparison of RNAi agents of A160 & A161 formats and various 3′ end caps (C6 or BP) or a ribitol spacer and a 3′ end cap (ribC6), as described in Example 3B. These are human Hepcidin RNAi agents.

FIG. 10 shows specific examples of an 18-mer format RNAi agent, comprising two 18-mer strands, the 3′ end of each 18-mer strand terminating in a phosphate and further comprising, in 5′ to 3′ order, a spacer (ribitol or rib), a phosphate (p) and a 3′ end cap (X058 or C6). Various substitutions (DNA) and modifications (2′-OMe and 2′-MOE) are also shown. These non-limiting examples are functional siRNAs to human Hepcidin (HAMP). The specific modified siRNA 400 guide strand is SEQ ID NO: 34 and the modified sense strand is SEQ ID NO: 35. The specific modified siRNA 402 guide strand is SEQ ID NO: 36 and the modified sense strand is SEQ ID NO: 239.

FIG. 11 shows the in vitro efficacy of various RNAi agents of different lengths, to Factor VII (FVII). These include a 21-mer format (including two dinucleotide overhangs); a blunt-ended 19-mer format, including 3′ end caps (C6) replacing the dinucleotide overhangs); an 18-mer, wherein each strand comprises an 18-mer and a 3′ end cap (C6); and an 18-mer format RNAi agent, wherein each strand comprises an 18-mer, further comprising in 5′ to 3′ order, a spacer (C3), a phosphate (p) and a 3′ end cap (C6) (collectively, C3pC6). These RNAi agents do not comprise a ribitol.

FIG. 12 illustrates an example of modification schemes for a canonical 21-mer siRNA, as well as 19-mer and 18-mer formats. The location of 2′-OMe and 2′-MOE modifications is indicated, as is the location of a 3′ end cap (L) (which can alternatively comprise a spacer, a second phosphate or modified internucleoside linker and a 3′ end cap, not shown). In this figure, the last two nt of the 3′ end of each strand are 2′-MOE; this is known as a “2′-MOE clamp” or “MOE clamp”. In FIG. 12, the genetic antisense and sense strands are represented by SEQ ID NOs: 45 and 46 (top) and 47 and 48 (bottom).

FIG. 13A shows the efficacy of 18-mer RNAi agents to HuR (ELAVL1), with a dose response in Huh-7 cells. 0.016 to 1 nM of RNAi agent is used. The tested RNAi agents comprise a 18-mer strand, wherein the 3′ end of the 18-mer strand terminates in a phosphate, further comprising a spacer (ribitol), a phosphate, and a 3′ end cap. The various 3′ end caps used were: X109, X110, X111, X112, X113, X058, and C6 as a positive control. A corresponding 21-mer is also used. FIG. 13B shows the structure of the molecules used in this experiment and others. The RNAi agents comprising X109, X110, X111, X112, or X113 comprise a DNA modification at the 5′ end of the anti-sense strand. The sequences in FIG. 13B are represented by SEQ ID NOs: 96 (first sequence) and 97 (second). The duplexes are numbered 20 to 28. The tested sequence, designated 1186, is listed as human (“hs” or Homo sapiens), but is cross-reactive for human, mouse and rat.

FIGS. 14A and B and 15 show the efficacy of various SSB [Sjogren's syndrome antigen B] RNAi agents comprising a 19-mer with a C6, C8 or C10 3′ end cap, as described in Example 5. The compound designated SSB-309 A22S26 is a 21-mer control. These experiments were done in vivo in the mouse. FIG. 15 shows the individual data points used to generate the bar graphs in FIGS. 14A and 14B.

FIG. 16 shows example structures of a 3′ terminus of an RNAi agent strand. The strand terminates in a nucleotide (with BASE) and 3′ phosphate which is bound to: a dinucleotide (wt or wild-type); or a 3′ end cap (C6, C8 or C10). These structures were used in, for example, LNP-formulated SSB siRNAs (such as those used in the experiments illustrated in FIGS. 14A and B and 15), but can be used for any RNAi agent of any sequence or target. Any of the phosphates of either or both strands of the RNAi agent can be replaced by the depicted compound.

FIG. 17 diagrams the terminal structures of, for example, a RNAi agent strand terminating in U. These include: a dinucleotide (e.g., CU overhang), for example, as a dinucleotide overhang of a 21-mer; or 18-mer strand terminating in U (with a phosphate), further comprising a spacer (ribitol), a phosphate, and a 3′ end cap (a second ribitol) (collectively, in this case, a diribitol); ribitol; and X027. Also shown are the structures of a 3′ terminal nucleotide (a 2′-MOE) bound to, in 5′ to 3′ order: a spacer (ribitol), a phosphate, and a 3′ end cap (C6 or X058).

FIG. 18 illustrates a 18-mer strand, wherein the 3′ end of the 18-mer strand terminates in a phosphate or modified internucleoside linker and further comprises: a ribitol, a phosphate and a X058 3′ end cap (top); a C3 spacer, a phosphate and a X058 3′ end cap (middle); or a A5300 spacer, a phosphate, and a X058 3′ end cap (bottom). The Figure depicts the spacers in the context of an 18-mer RNAi agent and a specific 3′ end cap, but the spacers can be used with any RNAi agent strand of sequence or target, and with any 3′ end cap.

FIG. 19 shows the efficacy and duration of RNAi agent activity of example RNAi agents comprising an 18-mer, wherein the 3′ end of the 18-mer terminates in a phosphate and further comprises, in 5′ to 3′ order: a spacer which is a ribitol (rib), C3 or 4-methoxybutane-1,3-diol (A5300); a phosphate; and a 3′ end cap which is X058 or C6. The duplexes are numbered 1 to 6. These are RNAi agents to HuR (ELAVL1). UNT: Untreated (negative control). NTC: Non-target control (negative control using an unrelated RNAi that targets a different target).

FIGS. 20A-C show the efficacy of HuR RNAi agents comprising a 3′ end cap which is: X109, X110, X111, X112, X113, X1009, X1010, X1024 or X1025 (FIG. 20A); X1011, X1012, X1013, X058, X1015, X1016, X1017, X1026, X1027 (FIG. 20B): or X1018; X1019, X1020, X1021, X1022 or X1028 (FIG. 20C). The terms C3 linker, C4 linker and C5 linker indicate portions of the 3′ end caps.

FIGS. 21 and 22 show efficacy and duration of HuR RNAi agents comprising a 3′ end cap which is: X110, X1012, X1018, X111, X1013, X112, X058, X1019, X1025, X1027, or X1028. The designations C3, C4 and C5 refer to the length of a linker portion of the 3′ end cap.

FIG. 23 shows the efficacy of mouse 18-mer Hepcidin RNAi agents, wherein each 18-mer strand terminates in a phosphate and further comprises a ribitol spacer, a phosphate, and a 3′ end cap which is X052, X058, X067, X038, X069, X027 or C6 (positive control). PBS: phosphate-buffered saline (negative control). This experiment was performed in vivo in the mouse. These were single 3 mg/kg dose i.v., and Hepcidin mRNA knockdown in liver was measured after 2 and 7 days. All PAZ ligands were equal or more potent than C6 parent at day 2. X058 was the only PAZ ligand still active at day 7; thus, it has an impact on the in vivo duration of effect.

FIG. 24 shows the efficacy after 48 hrs and 168 hrs of 18-mer Hepcidin RNAi agents comprising a ribitol spacer and a C6 3′ end cap or X058 3′ end cap. These are compared to the 21-mer format. This shows that, at 48 hours, the C6 and X058 formats were more efficacious than the 21-mer format. This experiment was performed in vivo in the mouse.

FIG. 25 shows the efficacy of various formats (21-mer, 19-mer, 18-mer, 17-mer, and 16-mer) of several SSB RNAi agents. The numbers (309, 880, 1586, 180, 1596 and 1591) indicate the location within the human (hs) sequence, though these sequences are cross-reactive in human, rat and mouse. The sequences of some of these are provided, from top to bottom, in SEQ ID NOs: 50 to 59.

FIG. 26 shows the structure of the X058, X109, X110, X111, X112 and X113 3′ end caps. TF-26-BC53 indicates a strand of a RNAi agent, wherein the 3′ end of the strand terminates in a phosphate or modified internucleoside linker and optionally further comprises in 5′ to 3′ order: a spacer and a phosphate or modified internucleoside linker. These 3′ end caps can be used with either or both strands of any RNAi agent of any sequence or target.

FIG. 27 shows a comparison of corresponding 19-mer and 18-mer format Hepcidin RNAi agents. RNAi agents include: hs_HAMP (human HAMP) 36, 37, 93, 160, 185, 232, 296, 299, 300, 301, 309, 312, 325, 328, 332, 397, 398, 400, 401, 402, 403 (starting position).

FIG. 28 shows the efficacy of various 21-mer and 18-mer RNAi agents to HBV.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present disclosure pertains to RNAi agents to Hepatitis B Virus (HBV). In various embodiments, the disclosure pertains to a HBV RNAi agent comprising a first and a second strand, wherein the sequence of the first and/or second strand is that of any sequence of Table 8C (any of SEQ ID NOs: 138-157 or 217-220). In various embodiments, the disclosure pertains to HBV RNAi agents which comprise any sequence or an 18-nt portion of any sequence in any of Tables 8B-8E or 10 (e.g., nt 1-18 or nt 2-19 of any sequence in these tables). In various embodiments, these HBV RNAi agents are blunt-ended. In various embodiments, the disclosure pertains to HBV RNAi agents which comprise any sequence of at least 15 contiguous nt of any sequence in any of Tables 8B-8E or 10 (e.g., nt 1-15 or nt 2-16 or nt 3-17 or nt 4-18 or nt 5-19, etc., of any sequence in these tables). One of ordinary skill in the art can prepare 18-mer sequences from the 19-mer sequences disclosed above, e.g., by using nt 1-18 or 2-19 of the various sequences. For example, nt 1-18 of a guide strand, above, can be paired with nt 2-19 of the corresponding sense strand to form a blunt-ended duplex. In addition, nt 2-19 of the guide strand can be paired with nt 1-18 of the corresponding sense strand to form a blunt-ended duplex. A duplex of 18-mers corresponding to any HBV sequence disclosed herein can be used to make a 18-mer format HBV RNAi agent.

In various embodiments, the disclosure relates to compositions comprising a HBV RNAi agent having a novel format (the “18-mer format”). These HBV RNAi agents comprise a sense and an anti-sense strand, each strand being an 18-mer and the strands together forming a blunt-ended duplex, wherein the 3′ end of at least one strand terminates in a phosphate or modified internucleoside linker and further comprises, in 5′ to 3′ order: a spacer; a second phosphate or modified internucleoside linker; and a 3′ end cap. In some embodiments, each strand terminates at the 5′ end with a hydroxyl, optionally linked to a 5′ end cap or a ligand, and terminates at the 3′ end with a phosphate or modified internucleoside linker. In some embodiments, the 3′ end of both the sense and anti-sense strand terminate in a phosphate or modified internucleoside linker and further comprise, in 5′ to 3′ order: a spacer; a second phosphate or modified internucleoside linker; and a 3′ end cap. In some embodiments, the disclosure pertains to a RNAi agent that comprises a first and a second strand, wherein the first and second strand are both 18-mers, and the first and second strand together form a blunt-ended duplex, and wherein the 3′ end of the first strand terminates in a phosphate or modified internucleoside linker and further comprises, in 5′ to 3′ order: a spacer, a phosphate or modified internucleoside linker, and a 3′ end cap; and wherein the 3′ end of the second strand terminates in a phosphate or modified internucleoside linker and further comprises a 3′ end cap. In some embodiments, the disclosure pertains to a RNAi agent that comprises a first and a second strand, wherein the first and second strands are both 18-mers, and the first and second strand together form a blunt-ended duplex, and wherein the 3′ end of both the first and second strand terminate in a phosphate or modified internucleoside linker and both further comprise a 3′ end cap. In some embodiments, the first strand is the antisense strand and the second strand is the sense strand. In other embodiments, the first strand is the sense strand and the second strand is the antisense strand. The two strands can have the same or different spacers, phosphate or modified internucleoside linker, and/or 3′ end caps. Optionally, one or more nucleotide can be modified or substituted. Optionally, at least one nucleotide comprises a modified internucleoside linker. Optionally, the RNAi agent can be modified on one or both 5′ end. Optionally, the sense strand can comprise a 5′ end cap which reduces the amount of the RNA interference mediated by this strand. Optionally, the RNAi agent is attached to a ligand. The disclosure also relates to processes for making such compositions, and methods and uses of such compositions, e.g., to mediate RNA interference.

In various embodiments, the disclosure encompasses a HBV RNAi agent comprising a sense strand and an anti-sense strand, wherein the sequence of the sense and/or anti-sense strand is, comprises, comprises and is no longer than about 30 nt, comprises 18 contiguous nt of, is 18 contiguous nt of, comprises 15 contiguous nt of, or comprises 15 contiguous nt of with 0-3 mismatches from: any HBV sequence disclosed herein.

In various embodiments, the disclosure encompasses a HBV RNAi agent comprising a sense strand and an anti-sense strand, wherein the sequence of the sense and/or anti-sense strand is, comprises, comprises 15 contiguous nt of, or comprises 15 contiguous nt of with 0-3 mismatches from any HBV sequence disclosed herein or 18-nt portion thereof, wherein each strand is an 18-mer, and the sense and anti-sense strand together they form a blunt-ended duplex, wherein the 3′-terminus of at least one strand terminates in a phosphate or modified internucleoside linker and further comprises, in 5′ to 3′ order: a spacer, a second phosphate or modified internucleoside linker, and a 3′ end cap, wherein the spacer is a ribitol, 2′-deoxy-ribitol, diribitol, 2′-methoxyethoxy-ribitol (ribitol with 2′-MOE), C3, C4, C5, C6, or 4-methoxybutane-1,3-diol; wherein the modified internucleoside linker is selected from phosphorothioate, phosphorodithioate, phosphoramidate, boranophosphonoate, an amide linker, and a compound of formula (I); wherein the 3′ end cap is selected from a compound of formula 1a or 1b, a compound from Table 1A, 1B, 1C, 1D, 1E, or 1, or any 3′ end cap disclosed herein; wherein: optionally at least one nucleotide of the RNAi agent is modified or substituted, and/or optionally said at least one modified nucleotide is selected from among 2′ alkoxyribonucleotide, 2′ alkoxyalkoxy ribonucleotide, or 2′-fluoro ribonucleotide, and optionally said at least one modified nucleotide is selected from 2′-OMe, 2′-MOE and 2′-H; and/or optionally one or more nucleotides is modified or is substituted with DNA, a peptide nucleic acid (PNA), locked nucleic acid (LNA), morpholino nucleotide, threose nucleic acid (TNA), glycol nucleic acid (GNA), arabinose nucleic acid (ANA), 2′-fl uoroarabinose nucleic acid (FANA), cyclohexene nucleic acid (CeNA), anhydrohexitol nucleic acid (HNA), and/or unlocked nucleic acid (UNA); and/or optionally at least one nucleotide comprises a modified internucleoside linker, wherein the modified internucleoside linker is selected from phosphorothioate, phosphorodithioate, phosphoramidate, boranophosphonoate, an amide linker, and a compound of formula (I); and/or optionally the 3′ terminal phosphate of the sense and/or anti-sense strands is replaced by a modified internucleoside linker; and/or optionally the first two base-pairing nucleotides on the 3′ end of the sense and/or anti-sense strand are modified, and/or optionally the first two base-pairing nucleotides on the 3′ end of the sense and/or anti-sense strand are 2′-MOE; and/or optionally the sense or the anti-sense strand comprise an 5′ end cap, wherein optionally the sense strand comprises a 5′ end cap which reduces the amount of the RNA interference mediated by the this strand, wherein optionally the 5′ end cap is selected from: a nucleotide lacking a 5′ phosphate or 5′-OH; a nucleotide lacking a 5′ phosphate or a 5′-OH and also comprising a 2-OMe or 2′-MOE modification; 5′-deoxy-2′-O-methyl modification; 5′-OME-dT; ddT; and 5′-OTr-dT.

Any of the various elements of various embodiments disclosed herein [e.g., compositions and methods; and selection of spacers and 3′ end caps, nucleotide modifications or substitutions, patterns of modifications, and/or 5′ end caps and delivery vehicles] which are not mutually exclusive can be combined.

18-mer Format Compared to Canonical siRNA Format

The present disclosure encompasses RNAi agents to HBV. These include but are not limited to various 18-mer format HBV RNAi agents. These RNAi agents have a novel 18-mer format described herein.

In contrast to 18-mers, siRNAs naturally generated in a cell by Dicer typically comprise two 21-nt RNA strands, which form a 19-bp duplex region and two dinucleotide overhangs. This is the so-called “canonical” or 21-mer siRNA structure. See, for example, Elbashir et al. 2001 Nature 411: 494-498; Elbashir et al. 2001 EMBO J. 20: 6877.

The two dinucleotide overhangs do not contribute to target specificity. Elbashir et al. 2001 Nature 411: 494-498; Elbashir et al. 2001 EMBO J. 20: 6877-6888; and Kraynack et al. 2006 RNA 12:163-176. They do, however, help protect the ends of the siRNA from nuclease degradation and sometimes improve activity.

The terminal dinucleotides of a 21-mer are sometimes replaced by an artificial dinucleotide, such as UU, TT, dTdT, sdT, dTsdT, sdTsdT, or sdTdT.

The terminal dinucleotides can alternatively be deleted (and not replaced), leaving a functional siRNA comprising two 19-nt strands forming a 19-bp duplex. The dinucleotide overhangs can sometimes functionally be replaced by a 3′ end cap, leaving a blunt-ended 19-bp duplex with one or two 3′ end caps, which can protect the molecule from nucleases. See, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 8,097,716, 8,084,600; 8,404,831; 8,404,832, and 8,344,128.

Decreasing the length of the siRNA, particularly the antisense strand, below 19 nt can be problematic. siRNA strands naturally produced by Dicer are largely 21-mers (45%). While artificial 19-mers can be functional, they are rarely produced in nature (5%). Lengths less than 19, such as 18-mers, are even rarer (1%). Elbashir et al. 2001 Genes Dev. 15: 188-200. Length reduction below 19 nt, particularly of the anti-sense strand, also generally reduces or completely abolishes RNA interference activity. Less 18-mer siRNA is incorporated into RISC than 21-mer, and the 18-mer also degrades more quickly in cell extracts in vitro. Hoerter et al. May 27, 2011 PLOS ONE. Czauderna et al. also concluded that the minimal length of a siRNA strand was about 19 nt. Czauderna et al. 2003 Nucl. Acids Res. 31: 2705-2716.

The present disclosure describes a novel format comprising a shorter version of a functional siRNA. This comprises two strands, each an 18-mer, which together form a blunt-ended duplex. The 3′ terminus of one or both strands of the novel format further comprises, in 5′ to 3′ order: a spacer, a second phosphate or modified internucleoside linker, and a 3′ end cap. In other embodiments, the 18-mer format encompasses a RNAi agent comprising a first strand and a second strand, wherein the first and second strands are 18-mers and together form a blunt-ended duplex, and wherein the 3′ end of the first and/or second strand terminate in a phosphate or modified internucleoside linker and further comprise a 3′ end cap. In other embodiments, the 18-mer format encompasses a RNAi agent comprising a first strand and a second strand, wherein the first and second strands are 18-mers and together form a blunt-ended duplex, and wherein both of the 3′ end of the first and second strand terminate in a phosphate or modified internucleoside linker and further comprise a 3′ end cap. In other words, the present disclosure pertains to: An RNAi agent comprising two strands, wherein each strand is an 18-mer, and wherein the two strands together form a blunt-ended duplex, wherein the 3′ terminus of one or both strands is bonded to, in 5′ to 3′ order, a spacer, a second phosphate or modified internucleoside linker, and a 3′ end cap. This 18-mer format can be used in various HBV RNAi agents.

Use of 18-mer RNAi Agent Format for Different Sequences and Targets

The 18-mer RNAi agent format described herein can be used with HBV RNAi agents. The utility of the 18-mer RNAi agent format was validated using a variety of different sequences to different targets. Below are described these experiments.

Various experiments that have shown this novel format, sometimes designated “the 18-mer format”, produces molecules that can mediate RNA interference against a variety of different mRNA targets, including Hepcidin, HuR (ELAVL1), PLK1, SSB and FVII (Factor 7 or F7). Successful 18-mer format RNAi agents were also constructed for several additional gene targets (not described herein). Successful 18-mer format RNAi agents were also constructed for use against a variety of mammalian targets in a variety of mammalian cells (e.g., mouse and human). Successful 18-mer format RNAi agents were constructed which worked both in vitro and in vivo. Thus, the 18-mer format can be used with a variety of different sequences, targets and mammalian source material.

Clearly, as would be known to one of ordinary skill in the art, not every 18-mer sequence will yield a successful RNAi agent, and certainly not in combination with any spacer, phosphate or modified internucleoside linker, and 3′ end cap. However, the format described herein can be used to devise and test various RNAi agents, some of which can have activity approximately equal to that of other formats (e.g., the canonical structure); and some can produce improved qualities (e.g., increased activity, duration or activity, decreased off-target effects, etc.).

The novel 18-mer format disclosed herein, therefore, can be used with a variety of different sequences and gene targets.

Hepcidin 18-mers.

As detailed in Examples 3A and 3B and FIGS. 4 to 10, and 23 and 24, effective RNAi agents of the 18-mer format were constructed targeting human and mouse Hepcidin.

These constructs are detailed in the Examples, Figures and Figure legends. These constructs successfully targeted both mouse and human Hepcidin with 18-mer RNAi agents.

Other 18-mer RNAi agents can be constructed targeting Hepcidin.

HuR (ELAV1) 18-mers.

As detailed in Examples 4 to 6 and FIGS. 13, and 19-22, effective RNAi agents of the 18-mer format were constructed targeting HuR (ELAV1).

In addition, an example of an effective 18-mer RNAi agent to HuR is shown below:

AS: u U a A u U a U c U a U u C c G u A rib C6 S: C6 rib A a U u A a U a G a U a A g G c A u n (a, c, g, u): 2′Ome-n (a, c, g, u) The sequence of the AS (anti-sense) strand, shown above 5′ to 3′, is SEQ ID NO: 39; the sequence of the S (sense) strand, shown above, 3′ to 5′, is SEQ ID NO: 40. This RNAi agent comprises two strands, each comprising, in 5′ to 3′ order, an 18-mer strand, wherein the 3′ end of the 18-mer strand terminates in a phosphate (not shown) and further comprises: a spacer (ribitol, rib), a second phosphate (not shown), and a 3′ end cap (C6). Other spacers and 3′ end caps can be used, and this and other phosphates can be replaced by a modified internucleoside linker.

Other effective HuR RNAi agents were produced wherein the sequence used was:

(SEQ ID NO: 41) U002pUpApApU004pU004pApU004pCpU004pApU004pU004 pCpCpGpU005pA005pC027pXnnnn Where: C0027 is ribitol (or other spacer such as C3 or C5300) 002=DNA 004=2′Ome 005=2′MOE All other positions are RNA 027=ribitol p=phosphate Xnnn=3′ end cap (X058, X109, etc.)

In this and various other sequences disclosed herein, U004 indicates a nucleotide with a U base with a 2′Ome modification; U002 indicates a nucleotide with a U base which is DNA; U005 indicates a nt with a U base with a 2′MOE modification. Similarly, other nucleotides are modified, e.g., U004 indicates a nucleotide with a U base and a 2′Ome modification.

With this HuR sequence, effective RNAi agents were produced which comprise an 18-mer strand, wherein the 3′ end of the 18-mer strand terminates in a phosphate and further comprises, in 5′ to 3′ order: a spacer (ribitol), a phosphate and a 3′ end cap (X058, X109, X110, X111, X112, X113, X1009, X1010, X1011, X1012, X1013, X1015, X1016, X1017, X1018, X1019, X1020, X1021, X1022, X1024, X1025, X1026, X1027, or X1028). These were tested in vitro in cells and all demonstrated at least about 60% to 80% gene knockdown at 30 pM. See, for example, FIG. 13.

Several of these HuR 18-mer constructs were further tested, including those comprising the 18-mer strand, wherein the 3′ end of the 18-mer strand terminates in a phosphate and further comprises, in 5′ to 3′ order: a spacer (ribitol), a phosphate and a 3′ end cap (X058, X110, X111, X112, X1012, X1013, X1018, X1019, X1025, X1027, X1028). These were tested in vitro in cells and all demonstrated at least about 80% to 90% gene knockdown at Day 3 at 1 nM.

Additional HuR 18-mer constructs were constructed, which comprised a strand with a 18-mer sequence, wherein the 3′ end of the 18-mer strand terminates in a phosphate and further comprises, in 5′ to 3′ order: (a) a ribitol spacer, a phosphate and X058 3′ end cap; (b) a ribitol spacer, a phosphate and C6 3′ end cap; (c) a C3 spacer, a phosphate and a X058 3′ end cap; (d) a C3 spacer, a phosphate and a C6 3′ end cap; (e) a C5300 spacer, a phosphate and a X058 3′ end cap; and (f) a C5300 spacer, a phosphate and a C6 3′ end cap. Each of these constructs was tested in vitro in cells and all demonstrated about 90% gene knockdown at Day 3 at 1 nM. See FIG. 13B.

Additional 18-mer RNAi agents to HuR were constructed comprising two strands, each an 18-mer, the two strands together forming a blunt-ended duplex, wherein the 3′ end of at least one strand terminates in a 3′ phosphorothioate (PS) and further comprises, in 5′ to 3′ order: a spacer (ribitol), a modified internucleoside linker (another phosphorothioate), and a 3′ end cap (C6).

Other 18-mer RNAi agents can be constructed targeting HuR.

SSB [Sjogren's syndrome antigen B]18-mers.

Effective 18-mer format RNAi agents were also constructed targeting SSB and PLK1. For example, in some RNAi agents to these targets, the 3′ end of one or both 18-mer strand terminates in a phosphate or modified internucleoside linker and further comprises, in 5′ to 3′ order: a spacer (e.g., C3), a phosphate and a 3′ end cap (C6).

For example, the 18-mer format human SSB RNAi agent designated hs_SSB_309_AS_18mer-C3-C6 was effective at mediating RNA interference in vitro, and is shown below:

AS: UuAcAUuAAAGUCUGU87-C3pC6 8 = 2′ methoxy ethyl T; 7 = 2′ methoxy ethyl G S: cAAcAGAcuuuAAuGu55-C3pC6 5 = 2′ methoxy ethyl A n: 2′Ome-n

The sequence of the AS (anti-sense) strand, shown above 5′ to 3′, is SEQ ID NO: 42. The sequence of the S (sense) strand, shown above 5′ to 3′, is SEQ ID NO: 43. 8, 7, 5 and 5 are 2′-MOE nucleosides, as defined as above. Thus, the first and second strand comprise a 18-mer, wherein the 3′ end of the first and second strand terminate in a phosphate and further comprise, in 5′ to 3′ order: a spacer (C3), a phosphate, and a 3′ end cap (C6). This structure is collectively known as a C3pC6, and is illustrated, for example, at FIG. 11 (BOTTOM).

A variety of 18-mer format RNAi agents targeting SSB were constructed. These have a variety of target sequences. For example, in various SSB RNAi agents that were constructed, wherein the 3′ end of one or both 18-mer strand terminates in a phosphate or modified internucleoside linker and further comprises, in 5′ to 3′ order: a spacer (C3 or ribitol), a phosphate, and a 3′ end cap (C6, BP, a second ribitol, or a diribitol).

Additional 18-mer SSB constructs were prepared in which the 3′ end cap is C6, C8 or C10. These also mediated RNA interference (see FIGS. 14A and 14B).

The efficacy of several SSB 18-mer RNAi agents is shown in FIG. 25. These are designated by numbers 309, 880, 1586, 180, 1596 and 1591 in the human (hs) sequence, but are cross-reactive between human, mouse and rat. The 19-mers and 18-mers corresponding to these sequences were tested and the results shown in FIG. 25. For all of these sequences, the 18-mers showed greater RNAi activity than the 19-mer. The formats used were 19-mer blunt-ended with 3′ end cap (C6), or 18-mer blunt-ended with 3′ end cap (C6). No ribitol or other spacer was used.

Additional 18-mer format SSB RNAi agents were constructed with sequences to human (hs) 309, 880, 1586, 180, 1596 and 1591. These comprise two 18-mer strands which together form a blunt-ended duplex, the 3′ end of both strands terminating in a phosphate and further comprising a 3′ end cap which is C6. Other constructs of these sequence were constructed comprising: comprise two 18-mer strands which together form a blunt-ended duplex, the 3′ end of both strands terminating in a phosphate and further comprising, in 5′ to 3′ order: a spacer (C3), a second phosphate and a 3′ end cap (C6). The structure comprising the spacer, phosphate and 3′ end cap, in this case, is also designated C3pC6. All of these molecules were able to mediate RNA interference.

Other 18-mer RNAi agents can be constructed targeting SSB.

Factor VII 18-mers.

A variety of 18-mer format RNAi agents targeting Factor VII (F7) were also constructed. This includes, as a non-limiting example, a RNAi comprising a 18-mer strand terminating in a phosphate or modified internucleoside linker and further comprising, in 5′ to 3′ order, a spacer (C3), a phosphate, and a 3′ end cap (C6).

Two example Factor VII 18-mer RNAi agents are shown in FIG. 11.

One comprises an 18-mer strand, wherein the 3′ end of the 18-mer strand terminates in a phosphate and further comprises a 3′ end cap which is C6. This construct is designated “C6 overhang” in FIG. 11 and lacks a spacer and second phosphate or internucleoside linker.

Another Factor VII 18-mer RNAi agent diagrammed in FIG. 11 comprises an 18-mer strand, wherein the 3′ end of the 18-mer strand terminates in a phosphate and further comprises a spacer which is C3, a second phosphate, and a 3′ end cap which is C6. This construct is designated “C3pC6 overhang” in FIG. 11.

The C3 spacer can be replaced by other spacers; the phosphates can be independently substituted or not substituted with modified internucleoside linkers, and the 3′ end cap can be substituted with other 3′ end caps.

Other 18-mer RNAi agents can be constructed targeting F7.

PLK1 18-mers.

An 18-mer format RNAi agent was also constructed to the target PLK1, comprising an 18-mer strand further comprising at the 3′ terminus, in 5′ to 3′ order, a spacer (C3), a phosphate, and a 3′ end cap (C6).

In addition, other 18-mer RNAi agent were constructed targeting PLK1. These include RNAi agents to human sequences starting at nt 1720, 664, 572, 969, 1651, 578 of the PLK1 sequence. Successful 18-mer format RNAi agents were constructed for all these sequences. These all comprise a first strand and a second strand, wherein the first and second strands are 18-mers, and the first and second strand together form a blunt-ended duplex, and wherein the 3′ end of the first and second strand terminate in a phosphate and further comprise a 3′ end cap, which is C6. These were tested in 786-O cells in vitro. In all cases except 1720, the 18-mer format PLK1 RNAi agent was more active in mediating RNA interference than the corresponding 19-mer format (also a blunt-ended 19-mer, with C6 3′ end cap on both strands).

Thus, successful 18-mer format RNAi agents were constructed to the targets Hepcidin, HuR (ELAVL1), PLK1, SSB and FVII (Factor 7 or F7). Successful 18-mer format RNAi agents were also constructed for several additional gene targets (not described herein). Both mouse and human Hepcidin were successfully targeted. Various RNAi agents of the 18-mer format have been shown to function in vitro and in vivo. The 18-mer format is thus not limited to any particular sequence or target, or mammalian source. The 18-mer format can be used, for example, in producing HBV RNAi agents.

Improved Activity of 18-mers.

As noted herein, in many cases, the 18-mer format has also shown to have the same or increased activity relative to a corresponding siRNA of a canonical structure. Various siRNAs of a 18-mer format have shown, in different experiments, in vitro and in vivo, to have increased RNA interference activity, increased duration of activity, increased resistance to nuclease degradation, and/or increased specificity.

For example, several test siRNAs were constructed against the target F7, including a 21-mer (of the canonical structure) and a 18-mer, comprising a C3pC6. In this 18-mer, the 3′ end of the anti-sense strand terminates in a phosphate or modified internucleoside linker and further comprises, in 5′ to 3′ order: a spacer which is C3, a phosphate, and a 3′ end cap which is C6. Both the 21-mer and 18-mer target the same sequence; both have the same 5′ start. The 18-mer, however, showed a lower ED50 (0.44 (±0.022) mg/kg) than the 21-mer (0.61 (±0.017) mg/kg).

In addition, when an 18-mer format Hepcidin RNAi agent (with a X058 3′ end cap) was tested in vivo, it was found, after 2 days, to be more potent than a corresponding 21-mer RNAi agents. For hepcidin, several 18-mers more potent than corresponding 21-mers have been developed.

It was also found that a hepcidin 21-mer siRNA was more prone to sense strand incorporation into RISC than the corresponding 18-mer. Thus, in this case, the 21-mer is less specific than the 18-mer format.

18-mer formats of HuR RNAi agents also had improved IC50 compared to a corresponding 23/21-mer and 21-mer. A 23/21-mer HuR RNAi agent was constructed; this construct comprises a 23-mer AS strand terminating in a aa dinucleotide overhang (but no spacer or 3′ end cap) and a 21-mer S strand terminating in a X023 3′ end cap (without a spacer). The sense strand is 3′-cholesterol-labeled and the construct had an IC50 of approximately 0.9 μM. Replacing the aa dinucleotide overhang with a X058 3′ end cap resulted in a double-stranded 21-mer, with AS strand terminating in a X058 3′ end cap (without a spacer) and S strand terminating in a X023 3′ end cap (without a spacer); this construct had an improved IC50, of approximate 0.7 μM. The corresponding 18-mer format RNAi agents had even further improved IC50. Several corresponding 18-mer format RNAi agents were constructed comprising: an 18-mer AS strand, the 3′ end of which terminates in a phosphate and further comprises, in 5′ to 3′ order: a spacer (ribitol), a phosphate and a X058 3′ end cap; and an 18-mer S strand, the 3′ end of which terminates in a phosphate and further comprises a spacer (ribitol), a phosphate and a 3′ end cap (X023). Several of these constructs demonstrated a further improved IC50 of approximately 0.3 μM.

The improved efficacy of several other 18-mer RNAi agents is shown in FIG. 25.

These are designated by numbers 309, 880, 1586, 180, 1596 and 1591 in the human (hs) sequence, but are cross-reactive between human, mouse and rat. The 19-mers and 18-mers corresponding to these sequences were tested and the results shown in FIG. 25. For all of these sequences, the 18-mers showed greater RNAi activity than the 19-mer. The formats used were 19-mer blunt-ended with 3′ end cap (C6), or 18-mer blunt-ended with 3′ end cap (C6). No ribitol or other spacer was used.

The improved efficacy of 18-mer format RNAi agents compared to 19-mers was also shown with RNAi agents targeting PLK1. These include RNAi agents to human sequences starting at nt 1720, 664, 572, 969, 1651, 578 of the PLK1 sequence. Successful 18-mer format RNAi agents were constructed for all these sequences. These all comprise a first strand and a second strand, wherein the first and second strands are 18-mers, and the first and second strand together form a blunt-ended duplex, and wherein the 3′ end of the first and second strand terminate in a phosphate and further comprise a 3′ end cap, which is C6. These were tested in 786-O cells. In all cases except 1720, the 18-mer format PLK1 RNAi agent was more active in mediating RNA interference than the corresponding 19-mer format (also a blunt-ended 19-mer, with C6 3′ end cap on both strands).

Thus, in several experiments, various 18-mer format RNAi agents have demonstrated improved activity compared to a corresponding 21-mer siRNA.

The present disclosure also encompasses methods of decreasing the expression of a target gene or reducing the level of its gene product, or of treating a disease associated with over-expression of a target gene, in vitro, or in an organism, such as a mammal, such as a human being, wherein the method comprises the step of administering to the human being a physiologically active amount of a composition comprising a RNAi agent of the 18-mer format, as disclosed herein. The 18-mer format can be used, for example, for producing HBV RNAi agents.

HBV RNAi Agents

The present disclosure encompasses various HBV RNAi agents.

Many of the HBV RNAi agent sequences disclosed encompass HBV RNAi agents in the 18-mer format. It should be noted, though, that one of ordinary skill in the art will be able to use this disclosure to construct a variety of useful HBV RNAi agents, some with the 18-mer format, and others which have a different format (e.g., 19-mer blunt-ended, 21-mers, 19-mer on one strand and 21-mer on the other, etc.). It is also noted that various authors have shown that once a successful RNAi agent is designed, generally adding a few nt to one or both strands does not impair RNA activity. Thus, this disclosure encompasses RNAi agent comprising a first strand and a second strand, wherein the sequence of the first and/or second strand comprises the sequence of any HBV RNAi agent disclosed herein, further comprising 1-5 nt.

Novel RNAi agents to HBV were thus developed.

The most potent WHV sequences for the woodchuck surrogate model were picked by only looking at WHV sequences and likewise for the HBV sequences. WHV is the Eastern woodchuck model of Hepatitis B virus. Woodchucks are a natural host of Hepatitis B infection and develop both acute infections and chronic. Animals are infected as neonates in the laboratory, and a determination of chronic infection is made 9 months later. Almost all chronic infections lead to HCC, and the time to first tumor is 24-30 months. WHV has a high degree of sequence homology to HBV. S-Antigen, X-protein and epsilon are the most highly conserved sequences.

Several hundred sequences were determined to be cross-reactive between human HBV and WHV. Many of these were screened in vitro as 18-mers.

Twelve of the best HBV RNAi agents identified are listed below, in various formats, in Tables 8A-8E, 9 and 10.

The tables show:

Table 8A. 19-mer DNA sequence

Table 8B. 19-mer RNA sequence

Table 8C. 18-mer sequence (generic)

Table 8D. Example (1) 18-mer sequence

Table 8E. Example (2) 18-mer sequence

Table 9. Efficacy of HBV RNAi agents. The sequences in Table 8E were used to prepare HBV RNAi agents used to generate data shown in Table 9.

Table 10. Sequences of an additional HBV RNAi agent, HBV 279.

TABLE 8A HBV RNAi AGENT SEQUENCES (19-MER DNA) SEQ SEQ sense ID antisense ID No. strand NO: strand NO:  1 GCACTTCGCT  98 CAGAGGTGAA 108 TCACCTCTG GCGAAGTGC  2 GCCCTTGTAT  99 TATACATGCA 109 GCATGTATA TACAAGGGC  3 CCATACTGCG 100 TAGGAGTTCC 110 GAACTCCTA GCAGTATGG  4 GAGGCTGTAG 101 AATTTATGCC 111 GCATAAATT TACAGCCTC  5 CCGTGTGCAC 102 TGAAGCGAAG 112 TTCGCTTCA TGCACACGG  6 GGCTGTAGGC 103 CCAATTTATG 113 ATAAATTGG CCTACAGCC  7 GCTGTAGGCA 104 ACCAATTTAT 114 TAAATTGGT GCCTACAGC  8 CAGCAATGTC 105 TCGGTCGTTG 115 AACGACCGA ACATTGCTG  9 GGAGGCTGTA 106 ATTTATGCCT 116 GGCATAAAT ACAGCCTCC 10 GAGATTAGGT 107 AGACCTTTAA 117 TAAAGGTCT CCTAATCTC 11 GGTTCTTCTG 209 TTGATAATCC 211 GATTATCAA AGAAGAACC 12 GGACTTCTCT 210 AGAAAATTGA 212 CAATTTTCT GAGAAGTCC

TABLE 8B HBV RNAi AGENT SEQUENCES (19-MER RNA) SEQ SEQ Num- sense ID antisense ID ber strand NO: strand NO:  1 GCACUUCGCU 118 CAGAGGUGAA 128 UCACCUCUG GCGAAGUGC  2 GCCCUUGUAU 119 UAUACAUGCA 129 GCAUGUAUA UACAAGGGC  3 CCAUACUGCG 120 UAGGAGUUCC 130 GAACUCCUA GCAGUAUGG  4 GAGGCUGUAG 121 AAUUUAUGCC 131 GCAUAAAUU UACAGCCUC  5 CCGUGUGCAC 122 UGAAGCGAAG 132 UUCGCUUCA UGCACACGG  6 GGCUGUAGGC 123 CCAAUUUAUG 133 AUAAAUUGG CCUACAGCC  7 GCUGUAGGCA 124 ACCAAUUUAU 134 UAAAUUGGU GCCUACAGC  8 CAGCAAUGUC 125 UCGGUCGUUG 135 AACGACCGA ACAUUGCUG  9 GGAGGCUGUA 126 AUUUAUGCCU 136 GGCAUAAAU ACAGCCUCC 10 GAGAUUAGGU 127 AGACCUUUAA 137 UAAAGGUCU CCUAAUCUC 11 GGUUCUUCUG 213 UUGAUAAUCC 215 GAUUAUCAA AGAAGAACC 12 GGACUUCUCU 214 AGAAAAUUGA 216 CAAUUUUCU GAGAAGUCC

TABLE 8C HBV RNAi AGENT SEQUENCES (GENERIC 18-MER RNA). Sense Antisense Duplex Modified SEQ Modified SEQ Concept Sequence ID Sequence ID No. Nickname String NO. String NO.  1 vv HBV CACUUCGCU 138 CAGAGGUGA 148 1599 UCACCUCUG AGCGAAGUG  2 vv HBV CCCUUGUAU 139 UAUACAUGC 149 1074 GCAUGUAUA AUACAAGGG  3 vv HBV CAUACUGCG 140 UAGGAGUUC 150 1284 GAACUCCUA CGCAGUAUG  4 vv HBV AGGCUGUAG 141 AAUUUAUGC 151 1795 GCAUAAAUU CUACAGCCU  5 vv HBV CGUGUGCAC 142 UGAAGCGAA 152 1593 UUCGCUUCA GUGCACACG  6 vv HBV GCUGUAGGC 143 CCAAUUUAU 153 1797 AUAAAUUGG GCCUACAGC  7 vv HBV CUGUAGGCA 144 ACCAAUUUA 154 1798 UAAAUUGGU UGCCUACAG  8 vv HBV AGCAAUGUC 145 UCGGUCGUU 155 1693 AACGACCGA GACAUUGCU  9 vv HBV GAGGCUGUA 146 AUUUAUGCC 156 1794 GGCAUAAAU UACAGCCUC 10 vv HBV AGAUUAGGU 147 AGACCUUUA 157 1767 UAAAGGUCU ACCUAAUCU 11 vv HBV GUUCUUCUG 217 UUGAUAAUC 219  457 GAUUAUCAA CAGAAGAAC 12 vv HBV GACUUCUCU 218 AGAAAAUUG 220  279 CAAUUUUCU AGAGAAGUC

These sequences can be unmodified or modified. For example, these sequences can be used to construct 18-mer format HBV RNAi agents which comprise a first strand and a second strand, wherein the first and/or second strand are 18-mers, and the 3′ end of the first and/or second strand terminates in a phosphate or modified internucleoside linker and further comprises, in 5′ to 3′ order: a spacer and a 3′ end cap. As another non-limiting example, these sequences can be used to construct 18-mer format HBV RNAi agents which comprise a first strand and a second strand, wherein the first and/or second strand are 18-mers, and the 3′ end of the first and/or second strand terminates in a phosphate or modified internucleoside linker and further comprises a 3′ end cap. In another embodiment, the disclosure encompasses a HBV RNAi agent comprising a first and a second strand, wherein the 3′ end of the first strand terminates in a phosphate or modified internucleoside linker and further comprises, in 5′ to 3′ order: a spacer, a phosphate or modified internucleoside linker, and a 3′ end cap; and wherein the 3′ end of the second strand terminates in a phosphate or modified internucleoside linker and further comprises a 3′ end cap.

The disclosure also encompasses a HBV RNAi agent comprising a first and a second strand, wherein the sequence of the first and/or second strand comprises the sequence of any HBV sequence disclosed herein, further comprising 1-5 nt.

In some of these various RNAi agents, both strands are 18-mers and together the two strands form a blunt-ended duplex.

In Table 8D, below, are listed example modified 18-mer sequences. These can be optionally further modified (e.g., the 3′ end of either strand can further comprise a 3′ end cap and/or a spacer and a 3′ end cap.

TABLE 8D HBV RNAi AGENT SEQUENCES (EXAMPLE MODIFIED 18-MER) Duplex SEQ SEQ Concept Sense Modified ID Antisense Modified ID No. Nickname Sequence String NO. Sequence String NO.  1 vv HBV C004 A C004 U004 U004 158 C002 A G A G G U004 G 168 1599 A107 C004 G C004 U004 U004 A A G C G A A G U005 S42 C004 A C004 C004 U004 G005 C004 U005 G005  2 vv HBV C004 C004 C004 U004 U004 159 U002 A U004 A C A 169 1074 A107 G U004 A U004 G C004 A U004 G C A U004 A C A S42 U004 G U004 A U005 A005 A G G005 G005  3 vv HBV C004 A U004 A C004 U004 160 U002 A G G A G U004 170 1284 A107 G C004 G G A A C004 U004 U004 C C G C A G U004 S42 C004 C004 U005 A005 A U005 G005  4 vv HBV A G G C004 U004 G U004 A 161 A002 A U004 U004 U004 171 1795 A107 G G C004 A U004 A A A A U004 G C C U004 A C S42 U005 U005 A G C C005 U005  5 vv HBV C004 G U004 G U004 G 162 U002 G A A G C G A A 172 1593 A107 C004 A C004 U004 U004 G U004 G C A C A C005 S42 C004 G C004 U004 U004 G005 C005 A005  6 vv HBV G C004 U004 G U004 A G G 163 C002 C A A U004 U004 173 1797 A107 C004 A U004 A A A U004 U004 A U004 G C C S42 U004 G005 G005 U004 A C A G005 C005  7 vv HBV C004 U004 G U004 A G G 164 A002 C C A A U004 174 1798 A107 C004 A U004 A A A U004 U004 U004 A U004 G C S42 U004 G G005 U005 C U A C A005 G005  8 vv HBV A G C004 A A U004 G U004 165 U002 C G G U004 C G 175 1693 A107 C004 A A C004 G A C004 U004 U004 G A C A U S42 C004 G005 A005 U004 G C005 U005  9 vv HBV G A G G C004 U004 G U004 166 A002 U U004 U004 A 176 1794 A107 A G G C004 A U004 A A U004 G C C U004 A C A S42 A005 U005 G C C U005 C005 10 vv HBV A G A U004 U004 A G G 167 A002 G A C C U004 177 1767 A107 U004 U004 A A A G G U004 U004 U004 A A C C S42 C005 U005 U004 A A U004 C005 U005 11 vv HBV G U004 U004 C004 U004 221 U002 U G A U004 A A 223 457 U004 C004 U004 G G A U004 C C A G A A G A U004 U004 A U004 C004 A005 C005 A005 A005 12 vv HBV G A C004 U004 U004 C004 222 A002 G A A A A U004 224 279 U004 C004 U004 C004 A A U004 G A G A G A A G U004 U004 U004 U004 C005 U005 C005 U005 002=DNA 004=2′Ome 005=2′MOE All Other Positions are RNA

TABLE 8E HBV RNAi AGENT SEQUENCES (EXAMPLE MODIFIED 18-MER FORMAT) Duplex SEQ SEQ Concept Sense Modified ID Antisense Modified ID No. Nickname Sequence String NO. Sequence String NO.  1 vv HBV C004 A C004 U004 U004 178 C002 A G A G G U004 G 188 1599 A107 C004 G C004 U004 U004 A A G C G A A G U005 S42 C004 A C004 C004 U004 G005 027 X003 C004 U005 G005 027 X003  2 vv HBV C004 C004 C004 U004 U004 179 U002 A U004 A C A 189 1074 A107 G U004 A U004 G C004 A U004 G C A U004 A C A S42 U004 G U004 A U005 A005 A G G005 G005 027 027 X003 X003  3 vv HBV C004 A U004 A C004 U004 180 U002 A G G A G U004 190 1284 A107 G C004 G G A A C004 U004 U004 C C G C A G U004 S42 C004 C004 U005 A005 027 A U005 G005 027 X003 X003  4 vv HBV A G G C004 U004 G U004 A 181 A002 A U004 U004 U004 191 1795 A107 G G C004 A U004 A A A A U004 G C C U004 A C S42 U005 U005 027 X003 A G C C005 U005 027 X003  5 vv HBV C004 G U004 G U004 G 182 U002 G A A G C G A A 192 1593 A107 C004 A C004 U004 U004 G U004 G C A C A C005 S42 C004 G C004 U004 U004 G005 027 X003 C005 A005 027 X003  6 vv HBV G C004 U004 G U004 A G G 183 C002 C A A U004 U004 193 1797 A107 C004 A U004 A A A U004 U004 A U004 G C C S42 U004 G005 G005 027 X003 U004 A C A G005 C005 027 X003  7 vv HBV C004 U004 G U004 A G G 184 A002 C C A A U004 194 1798 A107 C004 A U004 A A A U004 U004 U004 A U004 G C S42 U004 G G005 U005 027 C U A C A005 G005 027 X003 X003  8 vv HBV A G C004 A A U004 G U004 185 U002 C G G U004 C G 195 1693 A107 C004 A A C004 G A C004 U004 U004 G A C A U S42 C004 G005 A005 027 X003 U004 G C005 U005 027 X003  9 vv HBV G A G G C004 U004 G U004 186 A002 U U004 U004 A 196 1794 A107 A G G C004 A U004 A A U004 G C C U004 A C A S42 A005 U005 027 X003 G C C U005 C005 027 X003 10 vv HBV A G A U004 U004 A G G 187 A002 G A C C U004 197 1767 A107 U004 U004 A A A G G U004 U004 U004 A A C C S42 C005 U005 027 X003 U004 A A U004 C005 U005 027 X003 11 vv HBV G U004 U004 C004 U004 225 U002 U G A U004 A A 227 457 U004 C004 U004 G G A U004 C C A G A A G A U004 U004 A U004 C004 A005 C005 027 X003 A005 A005 027 X003 12 vv HBV G A C004 U004 U004 C004 226 A002G A A A A U004 228 279 U004 C004 U004 C004 A A U004G A G A G A A G U004 U004 U004 U004 C005 U005C005 027 X003 U005 027 X003 027 = ribitol spacer X003 = C6 3′ end cap

Thus, these HBV RNAi agents comprise a first strand and a second strand, wherein the first and second strands are 18-mers and the first and second strands together for a blunt-ended duplex, and the 3′ end of both the first and second strand terminate in a phosphate or modified internucleoside linker and further comprise, in 5′ to 3′ order: a spacer, a second phosphate or modified internucleoside linker, and a 3′ end cap.

Specifically: these HBV RNAi agents comprise a first strand and a second strand, wherein the first and second strands are 18-mers and the first and second strands together for a blunt-ended duplex, and the 3′ end of both the first and second strand terminate in a phosphate and further comprise, in 5′ to 3′ order: a spacer (e.g., a ribitol), a second phosphate, and a 3′ end cap (e.g., C6).

TABLE 9 Efficacy of HBV RNAi agents EXPERIMENT 1 EXPERIMENT 2 Max % Max % AVERAGE EC50 of sAg Max % of sAg Max % EC50 Max % Number (nM) KD KD EC50 KD KD (nM) KD 1 0.0703 55.9 44.1 ND ND ND 0.07 44.1 2 0.0717 44.8 55.2 0.011 41.9 58.1 0.04 56.65 3 0.111 50.2 49.8 0.016 61.3 38.7 0.06 44.25 4 0.017 56.7 43.3 0.056 51.4 48.6 0.04 45.95 5 0.127 58.7 41.3 0.013 62.2 37.8 0.07 39.55 6 0.008 62.7 37.3 0.13 61 39 0.07 38.15 7 0.038 58.5 41.5 0.409 59.7 40.3 0.22 40.9 8 0.025 62.5 37.5 0.177 42.2 57.8 0.10 47.65 9 0.131 51.2 48.8 0.67 50 50 0.40 49.4 10 0.066 42.7 57.3 0.437 49.1 50.9 0.25 54.1 11 0.039 34.61 65.39 0.105 46 54 0.07 59.695 12 0.093 63.11 36.89 ND ND ND 0.093 36.89 ND, not performed in second experiment.

The efficacy of various HBV RNAi agents was tested in HepG2.2.15 cells in vitro. The RNAi agents used are listed in Table 8E. 10 μM was used. The third column shows the percent residual gene activity (e.g., 55.9% for Number 1), and the fourth column shows the percent knockdown (e.g., 44.1% RNAi activity for Number 1). It is noted that, due to the nature of the HepG2.2.15 cell line, it is difficult to achieve greater than 50% knockdown.

The data show that all HBV RNAi agents numbered 1 to 10 were able to mediate RNA interference in vitro in HepG2.2.15 cells.

A direct comparison was also performed between the corresponding 21-mer and 18-mer RNAi agents of two HBV sequences.

One sequence used was designated siHBV_1599_18mer_CAM, and corresponds to Number 5 in Table 8E. A corresponding 21-mer was prepared.

An 18-mer designated siHBV_1599_18mer_CAM was also prepared, with the sequences of Number 11E in Table 10, below. Table 10 also shows the corresponding 19-mer DNA, 18-mer DNA, generic 18-mer RNA sequence (which can be modified or unmodified, e.g., inserted into the 18-mer format), and two example modified 18-mer sequences.

TABLE 10 VARIOUS FORMATS OF HBV 279 SEQUENCE. SEQ SEQ ID ID Format Sense strand: NO: Antisense strand: NO: 11A 19-mer DNA GGACTTCTCTCAATTTTCT 198 AGAAAATTGAGAGAAGTCC 204 11B 18-mer DNA GGACTTCTCTCAATTTTC 200 AGAAAATTGAGAGAAGTCC 205 11C 18-mer RNA GGACUUCUCUCAAUUUUC 201 AGAAAAUUGAGAGAAGUCC 206 11D Example G A C004 U004 U004 202 A002 G A A A A U004 207 modified 1 C004 U004 C004 U004 U004 G A G A G A A G C004 A A U004 U004 U005 C005 U004 U004 C005 U005 11E Example G A C004 U004 U004 203 A002 G A A A A U004 208 modified 2 C004 U004 C004 U004 U004 G A G A G A A G C004 A A U004 U004 U005 C005 027 X003 U004 U004 C005 U005 027 X003

A corresponding 21-mer of siHBV_279 was prepared.

These RNAi agents were used at 10 nM in HepG2.2.15 cells in vitro. The data, shown in FIG. 28, shows that both the 21-mers and corresponding 18-mers were able to mediate RNA interference. The 21-mer of 1599 was approximately 13% more effective than the corresponding 18-mer. The 21-mer of 279 was approximately 23% more effective than the corresponding 18-mer.

These experiments thus show that various efficacious HBV RNAi agents were constructed.

Some of these have the 18-mer format, which is described in more detail below, though this disclosure again notes that HBV RNAi agents can be produced using the sequences disclosed in various formats including, but not limited to, the 18-mer format.

Various aspects of the 18-mer format for RNAi agents are detailed below.

18-Mer Format

The disclosure thus relates to compositions comprising a novel format, which can be used to devise RNAi agents to a variety of targets and sequences, including but not limited to HBV. These RNAi agents comprise a sense and an anti-sense strand, each strand being an 18-mer and the strands together forming a blunt-ended duplex, wherein the 3′ end of at least one strand terminates in a phosphate or modified internucleoside linker and further comprises, in 5′ to 3′ order: a spacer; a second phosphate or modified internucleoside linker; and a 3′ end cap. In some embodiments, the 3′ end of both the sense and anti-sense strand further comprise, in 5′ to 3′ order: a spacer; a second phosphate or modified internucleoside linker; and a 3′ end cap. In some embodiments, the disclosure pertains to a RNAi agent that comprises a first and a second strand, wherein the first and second strand are both 18-mers, and the first and second strand together form a blunt-ended duplex, and wherein the 3′ end of the first strand terminates in a phosphate or modified internucleoside linker and further comprises, in 5′ to 3′ order: a spacer, a phosphate or modified internucleoside linker, and a 3′ end cap; and wherein the 3′ end of the second strand terminates in a phosphate or modified internucleoside linker and further comprises a 3′ end cap. In some embodiments, the disclosure pertains to a RNAi agent that comprises a first and a second strand, wherein the first and second strands are both 18-mers, and the first and second strand together form a blunt-ended duplex, and wherein the 3′ end of both the first and second strand terminate in a phosphate or modified internucleoside linker and both further comprise a 3′ end cap. In some embodiments, the first strand is the antisense strand and the second strand is the sense strand. In other embodiments, the first strand is the sense strand and the second strand is the antisense strand.

The two strands can have the same or different spacers, phosphate or modified internucleoside linker, and/or 3′ end caps. In various embodiments, one or more nt can be modified and/or substituted. Various spacers, modified internucleoside linkers and 3′ end caps are described below.

Spacers: Ribitol, Diribitol, 2′-Deoxyribitol, 2′-Methoxyethoxy Ribitol, C3, C4, C5, C6, or 4-Methoxybutane-1,3-Diol (5300)

In the present disclosure, in an 18-mer format RNAi agent, any of various spacers can be used in combination with strands of any sequence, with or without substitutions and/or modifications of nt, with phosphates or modified nucleoside spacers, and with any 3′ end cap, in any combination without limitation. This includes the use of the 18-mer format to produce HBV RNAi agents.

A spacer is a chemical moiety intended or used to create or maintain a space (e.g., a proper or functional spacing) between two other chemical moieties; e.g., between two phosphates or modified internucleoside linkers. In various embodiments of the 18-mer format, the spacer is a ribitol, diribitol, 2′-deoxyribitol, or 2′-methoxyethoxy ribitol (ribitol with 2′-MOE) or an equivalent abasic nucleotide known to one skilled in the art, or a lower alkyl or alkoxy group such as a C3, C4, C5 or C6, or 4-methoxybutane-1,3-diol. Various embodiments are described in more detail below.

Ribitol Spacer.

In some embodiments of the 18-mer format, the spacer is ribitol.

In one embodiment, the RNAi agent comprises, in 5′ to 3′ order: an 18-mer strand (comprising a 3′ terminal phosphate or a modified internucleoside linker); a spacer which is ribitol; a phosphate or a modified internucleoside linker; and a 3′ end cap (e.g., any 3′ end cap described herein or otherwise known in the art). In one embodiment, the RNAi agent comprises, in 5′ to 3′ order: an 18-mer strand comprising a 3′ terminal phosphate; a spacer which is ribitol; a phosphate or a modified internucleoside linker; and a 3′ end cap.

The structure of a 3′ terminal phosphate and ribitol spacer is shown here:

ribitol spacer.

In some documents, the ribitol spacer is designated as N027 (C0027, etc.).

One embodiment is shown in FIG. 18, wherein the RNAi agent comprises, in 5′ to 3′ order: an 18-mer strand, wherein the 3′ end of the 18-mer strand terminates in a phosphate and further comprises, in 5′ to 3′ order: a spacer which is ribitol, a phosphate, and a 3′ end cap which is X058. This structure can be on any RNAi strand of any sequence or target. In addition, any 3′ end cap disclosed herein can be used in place of X058.

A related structure is shown in FIG. 17 (“ribitol with X058”), wherein the last nucleotide of the 18-mer strand is shown (and is a 2′-MOE), and the 3′ end of the 18-mer strand terminates in a phosphate and further comprises, in 5′ to 3′ order: a spacer which is ribitol, a second phosphate, and a 3′ end cap which is X058.

Another embodiment is shown in FIG. 17 (“ribitol with C6 cap”), wherein the last nucleotide of the 18-mer strand is shown (and is a 2′-MOE), and the 3′ end of the 18-mer strand terminates in a phosphate and further comprises, in 5′ to 3′ order: a spacer which is ribitol, a phosphate, and a 3′ end cap which is C6.

In one embodiment, the RNAi agent comprises, in 5′ to 3′ order: an 18-mer strand terminating in a 3′ phosphate, a ribitol spacer, a phosphate, and a C6 3′ end cap. This is diagrammed as ribpC6 (or ribC6) in Table 2.

In one embodiment, the RNAi agent comprises, in 5′ to 3′ order: an 18-mer strand terminating in a 3′ phosphate, a ribitol spacer, a phosphate, and a BP 3′ end cap. This is diagrammed as ribpBP (or ribBP) in Table 2.

In one embodiment, the RNAi agent comprises, in 5′ to 3′ order: an 18-mer strand terminating in a 3′ phosphate, a ribitol spacer, a phosphate, and a C10 3′ end cap. This is diagrammed as ribpC10 (or ribC10) in Table 2.

In various embodiments, the 3′ end cap is triethylene glycol, cyclohexyl, phenyl, BP (biphenyl), lithochol (lithocholic acid), adamantane, C3 amino, C7 amino, C3, C6, C8, C10, C12, X027, X038, X050, X051, X052, X058, X059, X060, X061, X062, X063, X064, X065, X066, X067, X068, X069, X097, X098, X109, X110, X111, X112, X113, X1009, X1010, X1011, X1012, X1013, X1015, X1016, X1017, X1018, X1019, X1020, X1021, X1022, X1024, X1025, X1026, X1027, X1028, X1047, X1048, X1049, X1062, X1063, X1064, or ribitol, or any 3′ end cap disclosed herein or known in the art.

In some embodiments, the 3′ end cap is a ribitol. Thus, the RNAi agent comprises an 18-mer strand, wherein the 3′ end of the 18-mer strand terminates in a phosphate or modified internucleoside linker and further comprises, in 5′ to 3′ order: a spacer which is ribitol, a second phosphate or modified internucleoside linker, and a 3′ end cap which is a second ribitol. In one embodiment, the 3′ end of the 18-mer strand terminates in a phosphate and further comprises, in 5′ to 3′ order: a spacer which is ribitol, a second phosphate, and a 3′ end cap which is a second ribitol. Such as structure is illustrated in FIG. 17 (including the 3′ terminal nucleotide and phosphate) and designated “diribitol”.

The structure comprising an RNAi agent comprising, in 5′ to 3′ order, an 18-mer strand terminating in a 3′ terminal phosphate or a modified internucleoside linker, a ribitol spacer, a phosphate or a modified internucleoside linker, and a 3′ end cap (e.g., any 3′ end cap disclosed herein) can be used on any RNAi agent of sequence or target, including but not limited to a double-stranded RNA, wherein optionally one or more phosphates are replaced by a modified internucleoside linker, optionally one or more nucleotides are modified, and optionally one or more RNA nucleotides are replaced by DNA, PNA, LNA, morpholino, TNA, GNA, FANA, ANA, HNA, CeNA, and/or UNA.

Diribitol Spacer.

In some embodiments of the 18-mer format, the spacer is Diribitol.

In one embodiment, the RNAi agent comprises, in 5′ to 3′ order: an 18-mer strand wherein the 3′ end of the strand terminates in a phosphate or modified internucleoside linker and further comprises in 5′ to 3′ order: a spacer (wherein the spacer comprises in 5′ to 3′ order: a first ribitol; a phosphate or a modified internucleoside linker; a second ribitol; and a phosphate or a modified internucleoside linker); and a 3′ end cap.

Thus: In one embodiment, the RNAi agent comprises, in 5′ to 3′ order: an 18-mer strand comprising a 3′ terminal phosphate; a first ribitol; a phosphate; a second ribitol; a phosphate or a modified internucleoside linker; and a 3′ end cap.

This structure of a 3′ terminal phosphate, a first ribitol, a phosphate, and a second ribitol is shown here:

diribitol spacer

In one embodiment, the RNAi agent comprises, in 5′ to 3′ order: an 18-mer strand comprising a 3′ terminal phosphate; a first ribitol spacer; a phosphate; a second ribitol spacer; a phosphate or a modified internucleoside linker; and a 3′ end cap.

In one embodiment, the RNAi agent comprises, in 5′ to 3′ order: an 18-mer strand terminating in a 3′ terminal phosphate or a modified internucleoside linker, a first ribitol spacer, a phosphate or a modified internucleoside linker, a second ribitol spacer, a phosphate or a modified internucleoside linker, and a 3′ end cap which is a ribitol; this structure is designated a triribitol.

In various embodiments, the 3′ end cap is triethylene glycol, cyclohexyl, phenyl, BP (biphenyl), lithochol (lithocholic acid), adamantane, C3 amino, C7 amino, C3, C6, C8, C10, C12, X027, X038, X050, X051, X052, X058, X059, X060, X061, X062, X063, X064, X065, X066, X067, X068, X069, X097, X098, X109, X110, X111, X112, X113, X1009, X1010, X1011, X1012, X1013, X1015, X1016, X1017, X1018, X1019, X1020, X1021, X1022, X1024, X1025, X1026, X1027, X1028, X1047, X1048, X1049, X1062, X1063, or X1064, or any 3′ end cap disclosed herein or known in the art or known in the art.

The structure comprising an RNAi agent comprising, in 5′ to 3′ order, an 18-mer strand terminating in a 3′ terminal phosphate or a modified internucleoside linker, a first ribitol spacer, a phosphate or a modified internucleoside linker, a second ribitol spacer, a phosphate or a modified internucleoside linker, and a 3′ end cap (e.g., any 3′ end cap disclosed herein) can be used on any RNAi agent of sequence or target, including but not limited to a double-stranded RNA, wherein optionally one or more phosphates are replaced by a modified internucleoside linker, optionally one or more nucleotides are modified, and optionally one or more RNA nucleotides are replaced by DNA, PNA, LNA, morpholino, TNA, GNA, ANA, HNA, FANA, CeNA, and/or UNA.

2′-Methoxyethoxy Ribitol Spacer.

In some embodiments, the spacer is 2′-methoxyethoxy ribitol or other type of abasic nucleotide.

In one embodiment, the RNAi agent comprises a strand, wherein the 3′ end of the strand terminates in a phosphate or modified internucleoside linker and further comprises, in 5′ to 3′ order: a spacer which is 2′-methoxyethoxy ribitol, a second phosphate or modified internucleoside linker, and a 3′ end (e.g., any 3′ end cap described herein or known in the art). In other words: In one embodiment, the RNAi agent comprises, in 5′ to 3′ order: a strand comprising a 3′ terminal phosphate or a modified internucleoside linker; a spacer which is 2′-methoxyethoxy ribitol; a phosphate or a modified internucleoside linker; and a 3′ end cap (e.g., any 3′ end cap described herein or known in the art). Thus: In one embodiment, the RNAi agent comprises, in 5′ to 3′ order: a strand comprising a 3′ terminal phosphate; a spacer which is 2′-methoxyethoxy ribitol; a phosphate or a modified internucleoside linker; and a 3′ end cap.

The structure of the 3′ terminal phosphate and 2′-methoxyethoxy ribitol spacer is shown here:

2′-methoxyethoxy ribitol spacer.

In one embodiment, the RNAi agent comprises, in 5′ to 3′ order: an 18-mer strand, wherein the 3′ end of the 18-mer strand terminates in a phosphate and further comprises, in 5′ to 3′ order: a spacer which is 2′-methoxyethoxy ribitol, a phosphate, and a 3′ end cap which is X058. This structure can be on any RNAi strand of any sequence or target. In addition, any 3′ end cap disclosed herein can be used in place of X058.

A related structure is 2′-methoxyethoxy ribitol with X058, wherein the last nucleotide of the 18-mer strand is a 2′-MOE), and the 3′ end of the 18-mer strand terminates in a phosphate and further comprises, in 5′ to 3′ order: a spacer which is 2′-methoxyethoxy ribitol, a second phosphate, and a 3′ end cap which is X058.

Another embodiment is 2′-methoxyethoxy ribitol with C6 cap, wherein the last nucleotide of the 18-mer strand is a 2′-MOE), and the 3′ end of the 18-mer strand terminates in a phosphate and further comprises, in 5′ to 3′ order: a spacer which is 2′-methoxyethoxy ribitol, a phosphate, and a 3′ end cap which is C6.

In one embodiment, the RNAi agent comprises, in 5′ to 3′ order: an 18-mer strand terminating in a 3′ phosphate, a 2′-methoxyethoxy ribitol spacer, a phosphate, and a C6 3′ end cap.

In one embodiment, the RNAi agent comprises, in 5′ to 3′ order: an 18-mer strand terminating in a 3′ phosphate, a 2′-methoxyethoxy ribitol spacer, a phosphate, and a BP 3′ end cap.

In one embodiment, the RNAi agent comprises, in 5′ to 3′ order: an 18-mer strand terminating in a 3′ phosphate, a 2′-methoxyethoxy ribitol spacer, a phosphate, and a C10 3′ end cap.

In another embodiment, the RNAi agent comprises a strand, wherein the 3′ end of the strand terminates in a phosphate and further comprises, in 5′ to 3′ order: a spacer which is 2′-methoxyethoxy ribitol, a phosphate, and a 3′ end cap which is X058.

In some embodiments, the 3′ end cap is a 2′-methoxyethoxy ribitol. Thus, the RNAi agent comprises an 18-mer strand, wherein the 3′ end of the 18-mer strand terminates in a phosphate or modified internucleoside linker and further comprises, in 5′ to 3′ order: a spacer which is 2′-methoxyethoxy ribitol, a second phosphate or modified internucleoside linker, and a 3′ end cap which is a second 2′-methoxyethoxy ribitol. In one embodiment, the 3′ end of the 18-mer strand terminates in a phosphate and further comprises, in 5′ to 3′ order: a spacer which is 2′-methoxyethoxy ribitol, a second phosphate, and a 3′ end cap which is a second 2′-methoxyethoxy ribitol.

In various embodiments, the 3′ end cap is triethylene glycol, cyclohexyl, phenyl, BP (biphenyl), lithochol (lithocholic acid), adamantane, C3 amino, C7 amino, C3, C6, C8, C10, C12, X027, X038, X050, X051, X052, X058, X059, X060, X061, X062, X063, X064, X065, X066, X067, X068, X069, X097, X098, X109, X110, X111, X112, X113, X1009, X1010, X1011, X1012, X1013, X1015, X1016, X1017, X1018, X1019, X1020, X1021, X1022, X1024, X1025, X1026, X1027, X1028, X1047, X1048, X1049, X1062, X1063, X1064, or 2′-methoxyethoxy ribitol, or any 3′ end cap disclosed herein or known in the art. The structure comprising an RNAi agent comprising, in 5′ to 3′ order, a strand terminating in a 3′ terminal phosphate or a modified internucleoside linker, a 2′-methoxyethoxy ribitol spacer, a phosphate or a modified internucleoside linker, and a 3′ end cap (e.g., any 3′ end cap disclosed herein including but not limited to those listed in the previous sentence) can be used on any RNAi agent of any length, sequence or target, including but not limited to a double-stranded RNA, wherein optionally one or more phosphates are replaced by a modified internucleoside linker, optionally one or more nucleotides are modified, and optionally one or more RNA nucleotides are replaced by DNA, PNA, LNA, morpholino, TNA, GNA, ANA, HNA, CeNA, FANA, and/or UNA.

2′-Deoxyribitol Spacer.

In some embodiments of the 18-mer format, the spacer is 2′-deoxyribitol.

In one embodiment, the RNAi agent comprises, in 5′ to 3′ order: an 18-mer strand terminating in a 3′ phosphate or a modified internucleoside linker, a spacer which is 2′-deoxyribitol (2′-deoxyrib), a phosphate or a modified internucleoside linker, and a 3′ end cap.

In one embodiment, the RNAi agent comprises, in 5′ to 3′ order: an 18-mer strand terminating in a 3′ phosphate, a spacer which is 2′-deoxyribitol (2′-deoxyrib), a phosphate or a modified internucleoside linker, and a 3′ end cap. The structure of a 3′ terminal phosphate and a 2′-deoxyribitol is shown here:

2′-deoxyribitol (2′-deoxyrib).

In one embodiment, the RNAi agent comprises, in 5′ to 3′ order: an 18-mer strand terminating in a 3′ phosphate, a 2′-deoxyribitol spacer, a phosphate, and a C12 3′ end cap. This is diagrammed as ribpC10 (or ribC10) in Table 2. This embodiment is designated “2′DeoxyribC12” and illustrated in Table 2.

In various embodiments, the 3′ end cap is triethylene glycol, cyclohexyl, phenyl, BP (biphenyl), lithochol (lithocholic acid), adamantane, C3 amino, C7 amino, C3, C6, C8, C10, C12, X027, X038, X050, X051, X052, X058, X059, X060, X061, X062, X063, X064, X065, X066, X067, X068, X069, X097, X098, X109, X110, X111, X112, X113, X1009, X1010, X1011, X1012, X1013, X1015, X1016, X1017, X1018, X1019, X1020, X1021, X1022, X1024, X1025, X1026, X1027, X1028, X1047, X1048, X1049, X1062, X1063, or X1064, or any 3′ end cap disclosed herein or known in the art.

The structure comprising an RNAi agent comprising, in 5′ to 3′ order, an 18-mer strand terminating in a 3′ terminal phosphate or a modified internucleoside linker, a 2′-deoxyribitol spacer, a phosphate or a modified internucleoside linker, and a 3′ end cap (e.g., any 3′ end cap disclosed herein) can be used on any RNAi agent of any sequence or target, including but not limited to a double-stranded RNA, wherein optionally one or more phosphates are replaced by a modified internucleoside linker, optionally one or more nucleotides are modified, and optionally one or more RNA nucleotides are replaced by DNA, PNA, LNA, morpholino, TNA, GNA, ANA, HNA, CeNA, FANA, and/or UNA.

C3 Spacer.

In various embodiments of the 18-mer format, the spacer is C3.

In one embodiment, the RNAi agent comprises an 18-mer strand, wherein the 3′ end of the 18-mer strand terminates in a 3′ phosphate or a modified internucleoside linker, and further comprises a spacer which is C3, a phosphate or a modified internucleoside linker, and a 3′ end cap.

In one embodiment, the RNAi agent comprises two 18-mer strands, wherein the 3′ end of each 18-mer strand terminates in a 3′ phosphate or a modified internucleoside linker, and further comprises a spacer, a second phosphate or a modified internucleoside linker, and a 3′ end cap, wherein the spacer in one or both strands is C3.

The C3 spacer has the chemical formula —(CH₂)₃—. The structure of a 3′ terminal phosphate and a C3 spacer is shown here:

One embodiment is shown in FIG. 18, wherein the RNAi agent comprises, in 5′ to 3′ order: an 18-mer strand terminating in a 3′ phosphate, a C3 spacer, a phosphate, and a 3′ end cap which is X058. This structure can be on any RNAi strand of any sequence or target. In addition, any 3′ end cap disclosed herein or known in the art can be used in place of X058, and any modified internucleoside linker can be used in place of phosphate.

Another embodiment is shown in FIG. 11, which illustrates a portion of a RNAi agent to Factor VII comprising an 18-mer strand, wherein the 18-mer strand terminates in a phosphate and further comprises in 5′ to 3′ order: a C3 spacer, a phosphate and a 3′ end cap which is C6. This is designated “C3pC6 overhang”. This structure can be on any RNAi strand of any sequence or target. In addition, any 3′ end cap disclosed herein or known in the art can be used in place of C6, and any modified internucleoside linker can be used in place of phosphate.

The efficacy of a RNAi agent comprising a C3 spacer is shown in FIG. 19. Two different HuR constructs were prepared comprising an 18-mer, wherein the 3′ end of the 18-mer terminates in a phosphate and further comprises in 5′ to 3′ order: a C3 spacer, a phosphate and a 3′ end cap (which is C6 or X058). Both of these were able to mediate RNA interference.

In various embodiments, the 3′ end cap is triethylene glycol, cyclohexyl, phenyl, BP (biphenyl), lithochol (lithocholic acid), adamantane, C3 amino, C7 amino, C3, C6, C8, C10, C12, X027, X038, X050, X051, X052, X058, X059, X060, X061, X062, X063, X064, X065, X066, X067, X068, X069, X097, X098, X109, X110, X111, X112, X113, X1009, X1010, X1011, X1012, X1013, X1015, X1016, X1017, X1018, X1019, X1020, X1021, X1022, X1024, X1025, X1026, X1027, X1028, X1047, X1048, X1049, X1062, X1063, or X1064, or any 3′ end cap disclosed herein or known in the art.

The structure comprising an RNAi agent comprising, in 5′ to 3′ order, an 18-mer strand terminating in a 3′ terminal phosphate or a modified internucleoside linker, a C3 spacer, a phosphate or a modified internucleoside linker, and a 3′ end cap (e.g., any 3′ end cap disclosed herein) can be used on any RNAi agent of any sequence or target, including but not limited to a double-stranded RNA, wherein optionally one or more phosphates are replaced by a modified internucleoside linker, optionally one or more nucleotides are modified, and optionally one or more RNA nucleotides are replaced by DNA, PNA, LNA, morpholino, TNA, GNA, ANA, HNA, CeNA, FANA, and/or UNA.

C4 Spacer, C5 Spacer and C6 Spacer.

In various embodiments of the 18-mer format, the spacer is C4 or C5 or C6.

In one embodiment, the RNAi agent comprises an 18-mer strand, wherein the 3′ end of the 18-mer strand terminates in a 3′ phosphate or a modified internucleoside linker, and further comprises a spacer which is C4 or C5 or C6, a phosphate or a modified internucleoside linker, and a 3′ end cap.

In one embodiment, the RNAi agent comprises two 18-mer strands, wherein the 3′ end of each 18-mer strand terminates in a 3′ phosphate or a modified internucleoside linker, and further comprises a spacer, a second phosphate or a modified internucleoside linker, and a 3′ end cap, wherein the spacer in one or both strands is C4 or C5 or C6.

The C3 to C6 spacers can be defined as:

C3=1,3-propane-diol

C4=1,4-butane-diol

C5=1,5-pentane-diol

C6=1,6-hexane-diol

In some contexts:

The C4 spacer has the chemical formula —(CH₂)₄—.

The C5 spacer has the chemical formula —(CH₂)₅—.

The C6 spacer has the chemical formula —(CH₂)₆—.

In various embodiments, the 3′ end cap is triethylene glycol, cyclohexyl, phenyl, BP (biphenyl), lithochol (lithocholic acid), adamantane, C3 amino, C7 amino, C3, C6, C8, C10, C12, X027, X038, X050, X051, X052, X058, X059, X060, X061, X062, X063, X064, X065, X066, X067, X068, X069, X097, X098, X109, X110, X111, X112, X113, X1009, X1010, X1011, X1012, X1013, X1015, X1016, X1017, X1018, X1019, X1020, X1021, X1022, X1024, X1025, X1026, X1027, X1028, X1047, X1048, X1049, X1062, X1063, or X1064, or any 3′ end cap disclosed herein or known in the art.

The structure comprising an RNAi agent comprising, in 5′ to 3′ order, an 18-mer strand terminating in a 3′ terminal phosphate or a modified internucleoside linker, a C4 or C5 or C6 spacer, a phosphate or a modified internucleoside linker, and a 3′ end cap (e.g., any 3′ end cap disclosed herein) can be used on any RNAi agent of any sequence or target, including but not limited to a double-stranded RNA, wherein optionally one or more phosphates are replaced by a modified internucleoside linker, optionally one or more nucleotides are modified, and optionally one or more RNA nucleotides are replaced by DNA, PNA, LNA, morpholino, TNA, GNA, ANA, HNA, CeNA, FANA, and/or UNA.

As a note of clarification, this disclosure notes that the terms “C3” [—(CH₂)₃—], “C4” [—(CH₂)₄—], and “C5” [—(CH₂)₅—] are generally used herein to designate spacers, similar terms (C3, C4, C5 “linkers”) are also used to designate a portion of a 3′ end cap, as illustrated in FIGS. 20A, 20B and 20C. In these figures, the different linkers are used to differentiate portions various 3′ end caps. It is also noted that the term “C3” is used to designate a C3 3′ end cap (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 8,097,716), a C3 spacer (FIG. 18), and a C3 linker (FIG. 26). The C6 spacer should also be differentiated from the C6 end cap.

4-methoxybutane-1,3-diol (5300) Spacer.

In various embodiments of the 18-mer format, the spacer is 4-methoxybutane-1,3-diol. 4-methoxybutane-1,3-diol is also designated 5300, A5300, C5300, G5300, and UG5300.

In one embodiment, the RNAi agent comprises, in 5′ to 3′ order: an 18-mer strand, wherein the 3′ end terminates in a 3′ phosphate (a 3′ terminal phosphate) or a modified internucleoside linker and further comprises: a spacer which is 4-methoxybutane-1,3-diol, a phosphate or a modified internucleoside linker, and a 3′ end cap.

The structure of a 3′ terminal phosphate and a 4-methoxybutane-1,3-diol spacer is shown here:

In one embodiment, the RNAi agent comprises, in 5′ to 3′ order: an 18-mer strand terminating in a 3′ phosphate, a spacer which is 4-methoxybutane-1,3-diol, a phosphate or a modified internucleoside linker, and a 3′ end cap.

One embodiment is shown in FIG. 18, wherein the RNAi agent comprises, in 5′ to 3′ order: an 18-mer strand terminating in a 3′ phosphate, a 4-methoxybutane-1,3-diol spacer, a phosphate, and a 3′ end cap which is X058. This structure can be on any RNAi strand of any sequence or target. In addition, any 3′ end cap disclosed herein or known in the art can be used in place of X058, and any modified internucleoside linker can be used in place of phosphate.

The efficacy of a RNAi agent comprising a C5300 spacer is shown in FIG. 19. Two different HuR constructs were prepared comprising an 18-mer, wherein the 3′ end of the 18-mer terminates in a phosphate and further comprises a C5300 spacer, a phosphate and a 3′ end cap (which is C6 or X058). Both of these were able to mediate RNA interference.

In various embodiments, the 3′ end cap is triethylene glycol, cyclohexyl, phenyl, BP (biphenyl), lithochol (lithocholic acid), adamantane, C3 amino, C7 amino, C3, C6, C8, C10, C12, X027, X038, X050, X051, X052, X058, X059, X060, X061, X062, X063, X064, X065, X066, X067, X068, X069, X097, X098, X109, X110, X111, X112, X113, X1009, X1010, X1011, X1012, X1013, X1015, X1016, X1017, X1018, X1019, X1020, X1021, X1022, X1024, X1025, X1026, X1027, X1028, X1047, X1048, X1049, X1062, X1063, or X1064, or any 3′ end cap disclosed herein or known in the art.

The structure comprising an RNAi agent comprising, in 5′ to 3′ order, an 18-mer strand terminating in a 3′ terminal phosphate or a modified internucleoside linker, a 4-methoxybutane-1,3-diol spacer, a phosphate or a modified internucleoside linker, and a 3′ end cap (e.g., any 3′ end cap disclosed herein) can be used on any RNAi agent of any sequence or target, including but not limited to a double-stranded RNA, wherein optionally one or more phosphates are replaced by a modified internucleoside linker, optionally one or more nucleotides are modified, and optionally one or more RNA nucleotides are replaced by DNA, PNA, LNA, morpholino, TNA, GNA, ANA, HNA, CeNA, FANA, and/or UNA. This 18-mer format can be used to produce, for example, RNAi agents to HBV. Additional aspects of the 18-mer format are described below.

Phosphate or Modified Internucleoside Linker

In various embodiments of the 18-mer RNAi agent, the modified internucleoside linker is: phosphorothioate, phosphorodithioate, phosphoramidate, boranophosphonoate, an amide linker, or a compound of formula (I), as detailed below.

The disclosure relates to compositions comprising a RNAi agent having a novel format. These RNAi agents comprise a sense and an anti-sense strand, each strand being an 18-mer and the strands together forming a blunt-ended duplex, wherein the 3′ end of at least one strand terminates in a phosphate or modified internucleoside linker and further comprises, in 5′ to 3′ order: a spacer; a second phosphate or modified internucleoside linker; and a 3′ end cap. In some embodiments, the 3′ end of both the sense and anti-sense strand further comprise, in 5′ to 3′ order: a spacer; a second phosphate or modified internucleoside linker; and a 3′ end cap. In some embodiments, the disclosure pertains to a RNAi agent that comprises a first and a second strand, wherein the first and second strand are both 18-mers, and the first and second strand together form a blunt-ended duplex, and wherein the 3′ end of the first strand terminates in a phosphate or modified internucleoside linker and further comprises, in 5′ to 3′ order: a spacer, a phosphate or modified internucleoside linker, and a 3′ end cap; and wherein the 3′ end of the second strand terminates in a phosphate or modified internucleoside linker and further comprises a 3′ end cap. In some embodiments, the disclosure pertains to a RNAi agent that comprises a first and a second strand, wherein the first and second strands are both 18-mers, and the first and second strand together form a blunt-ended duplex, and wherein the 3′ end of both the first and second strand terminate in a phosphate or modified internucleoside linker and both further comprise a 3′ end cap. In some embodiments, the first strand is the antisense strand and the second strand is the sense strand. In other embodiments, the first strand is the sense strand and the second strand is the antisense strand. The two strands can have the same or different spacers, phosphate or modified internucleoside linker, and/or 3′ end caps. In various embodiments, one or more nt can be modified and/or substituted. Various spacers are described below. Various phosphates or modified internucleoside linkers can be used in combination with strands of any sequence, with or without substitutions and/or modifications of nt, with any spacers, and with any 3′ end cap, in any combination without limitation.

In some embodiments, the modified internucleoside linker is interposed between the spacer and the 3′ end cap (i.e., the 3′ end of the strand terminates in a modified internucleoside linker and further comprises a 3′ end cap).

In various embodiments, one or more of the phosphates of one or both strands of the RNAi agent are replaced. Thus: In various embodiments, one or more nucleotide of one or both strands has a modified internucleoside linker. In some embodiments, the 3′ terminal phosphate is replaced. In some embodiments, one or more nucleotide of one or both strands has a modified internucleoside linker, and/or a modified internucleoside linker is interposed between the spacer and the 3′ end cap.

In one embodiment, the present disclosure encompasses a RNAi agent comprising a sense and an anti-sense strand, each strand being an 18-mer and the strands together forming a blunt-ended duplex, wherein the 3′ end of at least one strand terminates in a phosphate or modified internucleoside linker and further comprises, in 5′ to 3′ order: a spacer; a second phosphate or modified internucleoside linker; and a 3′ end cap, wherein the 3′ end cap is selected from the 3′ end caps listed in any Table herein or otherwise disclosed herein, and wherein at least one nucleotide has a modified internucleoside linker a modified internucleoside linker (e.g., wherein at least one phosphate of a nucleotide is replaced by a modified internucleoside linker), where the modified internucleoside linker is:

phosphorothioate (PS),

phosphorodithioate, phosphoramidate, boranophosphonoate, an amide linker, or a compound of formula (I):

(I), where R³ is selected from O⁻, S⁻, NH₂, BH₃, CH₃, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl, C₁₋₆ alkoxy and C₆₋₁₀ aryl-oxy, wherein C₁₋₆ alkyl and C₆₋₁₀ aryl are unsubstituted or optionally independently substituted with 1 to 3 groups independently selected from halo, hydroxyl and NH₂; and R⁴ is selected from O, S, NH, or CH₂.

In one embodiment, the present disclosure encompasses a RNAi agent comprising a sense and an anti-sense strand, each strand being an 18-mer and the strands together forming a blunt-ended duplex, wherein the 3′ end of at least one strand terminates in a phosphate or modified internucleoside linker and further comprises, in 5′ to 3′ order: a spacer; a second phosphate or modified internucleoside linker; and a 3′ end cap, wherein the 3′ end cap is selected from the 3′ end caps listed in any Table herein or otherwise disclosed herein, and wherein at least the 3′ terminal nucleotide on one or both strands has a modified internucleoside linker (e.g., wherein the phosphate of the 3′ nucleotide on one or both strands is replaced by a modified internucleoside linker), wherein the modified internucleoside linker is phosphorothioate, phosphorodithioate, phosphoramidate, boranophosphonoate, an amide linker, or a compound of formula (I).

In various embodiments, the 3′ end cap is linked via a terminal phosphate group (i.e., a phosphate group at the 3′ end of a RNAi agent strand). Such compounds are shown in, for example, Table 2. Alternatively, in 3′ to 5′ order, a 3′ end cap can be bound to a phosphate or modified internucleoside linker, which is bound to a spacer, which is bound to a phosphate or modified internucleoside linker bound to the 3′ carbon at the 3′ end of at least one RNAi agent strand.

In one embodiment, compounds of table 2 have a terminal phosphorothioate group bound to the 3′ carbon at the 3′ end of at least one RNAi agent strand. Thus, in various embodiments, in the 3′ end caps listed in Table 2, the phosphate group is replaced by a phosphorothioate. In other words, the composition comprises a RNAi agent comprising a strand, wherein the 3′ end of the strand terminates in a phosphorothioate and further comprises a compound of Table 2 (or any other 3′ end cap described herein or known in the art). In additional embodiments, the phosphate group of various 3′ end caps listed herein as C3, C6, C12, Triethylene glycol, Cyclohexyl, Phenyl, Biphenyl, Adamantane, Lithocholic acid can be replaced by phosphorothioate. In one particular embodiment, the phosphate group in the C3 3′ end cap is replaced by phosphorothioate (and designated “PS-C3”, as illustrated in Table 2 and described in Example 6 and FIGS. 20 A-E). In one particular embodiment, the phosphate group in the C6 3′ end cap is replaced by phosphorothioate (and designated “PS-C6”, as illustrated in Table 2). In one particular embodiment, the phosphate group in the C10 3′ end cap is replaced by phosphorothioate (and designated “PS-C10”, as illustrated in Table 2). In one particular embodiment, the phosphate group in the biphenyl (BP) 3′ end cap is replaced by phosphorothioate (and designated “PS-BP”, as illustrated in Table 2).

In various embodiments, R₁=OH; and R₂=a compound of formula (I). This structure is also shown in FIG. 18C.

These modified internucleoside linkers can thus be used in the 18-mer format, which can be used to produce HBV RNAi agents. Additional aspects of the 18-mer format which can be used to produce HBV RNAi agents are described below.

3′ End Caps

The disclosure relates to compositions comprising a RNAi agent having a novel format, which can be used to produce HBV RNAi agents. These RNAi agents comprise a sense and an anti-sense strand, each strand being an 18-mer and the strands together forming a blunt-ended duplex, wherein the 3′ end of at least one strand terminates in a phosphate or modified internucleoside linker and further comprises, in 5′ to 3′ order: a spacer; a second phosphate or modified internucleoside linker; and a 3′ end cap. In some embodiments, the 3′ end of both the sense and anti-sense strand further comprise, in 5′ to 3′ order: a spacer; a second phosphate or modified internucleoside linker; and a 3′ end cap. The two strands can have the same or different spacers, phosphate or modified internucleoside linker, and/or 3′ end caps. In various embodiments, one or more nt can be modified and/or substituted. Various spacers are described below. Various 3′ end caps can be used in combination with strands of any sequence, with or without substitutions and/or modifications of nt, with any spacers, and with any phosphates or modified internucleoside linkers, in any combination without limitation.

A 3′ end cap is a non-nucleotidic chemical moiety bound to the 3′ end of a molecule comprising a RNAi agent, e.g., the 3′ terminus (or 3′ end) of (a) a molecule comprising a strand, wherein the 3′ end of the strand terminates in a phosphate or modified internucleoside linker; or (b) a molecule comprising, in 5′ to 3′ order: a strand (wherein the 3′ end of the strand terminates in a phosphate or modified internucleoside linker), a spacer, and a second phosphate or modified internucleoside linker. The 3′ end cap performs at least one of the following functions: allowing RNA interference mediated by the molecule, protecting the molecule from degradation or reducing the amount or rate of degradation of the molecule (e.g., by nucleases), reducing the off-target effects of the sense strand, or increasing the activity, duration or efficacy of RNA interference mediated by the molecule. By describing a 3′ end cap as “non-nucleotidic”, it is meant that a nucleotide comprises three components: a phosphate, a pentose (e.g., a ribose or deoxyribose) and a nucleobase, and a 3′ end cap does not comprise all three of the components.

The structures of various 3′ end caps (including those designated “PAZ ligands”) are shown below in Table 1, below. It is noted that, although some 3′ end caps are designated “PAZ ligands”, this disclosure is not bound by any particular theory.

TABLE 1 STRUCTURES OF 3′ END CAPS (INCLUDING “PAZ LIGANDS”) FOR RNAi AGENTS FOR RNA INTERFERENCE Nickname PAZ ligand C3 Amino

C7 Amino

C3

C6 (sometimes designated X003 or C6-OH)

C8

C10

C12

BP

X027

X038

X050

X051

X052

X058

X059

X060

X061

X062

X063

X064

X065

X066

X067

X068

X069

X097

X098

X109

X110

X111

X112

X113

X1009

X1010

X1011

X1012

X1013

X1015

X1016

X1017

X1018

X1019

X1020

X1021

X1022

X1024

X1025

X1026

X1027

X1028

X1047

X1048

X1049

X1062

X1063

X1064

The structures of 3′ end caps shown herein can represent, for example, 3′ end caps that can be at the 3′ end of a RNAi strand, or at the 3′ end of a molecule comprising, in 5′ to 3′ order, an 18-mer strand of a RNAi agent, a spacer, and a phosphate or modified internucleoside linker (collectively represented by “X”). In some embodiments, the 3′ end cap is on the 3′ end of a molecule comprising the antisense strand.

In some embodiments, the 3′ end cap is a ribitol. Thus, in some embodiments, the RNAi agent comprises an 18-mer strand terminating in a phosphate or modified internucleoside linker and further comprising, in 5′ to 3′ order, a spacer (e.g., a ribitol, C3, C4, C5, C6, etc.), a phosphate or modified internucleoside linker, and a 3′ end cap (e.g., a second ribitol). For example, a variety of RNAi agents to SSB, representing several sequences, were constructed wherein at least one strand was an 18-mer further comprising at the 3′ terminus, in 5′ to 3′ order, a spacer (ribitol), a phosphate, and a 3′ end cap (a second ribitol).

In some embodiments, the 3′ end cap is a diribitol. Thus: In some embodiments, the RNAi agent comprises an 18-mer strand, wherein the 3′ end of the 18-mer strand terminates in a phosphate or modified internucleoside linker and further comprises, in 5′ to 3′ order: a spacer (e.g., a ribitol, C3, C4, C5, C6, etc.), a phosphate or modified internucleoside linker, and a 3′ end cap (e.g., a diribitol). For example, a variety of RNAi agents to SSB, representing several sequences, were constructed wherein at least one strand was an 18-mer further comprising at the 3′ terminus, in 5′ to 3′ order, a spacer (ribitol), a phosphate, and a 3′ end cap (a diribitol). In other words, these SSB RNAi agents comprise an 18-mer strand, wherein the 3′ end of the 18-mer strand terminates in a phosphate and further comprises, in 5′ to 3′ order: a ribitol, a phosphate, a second ribitol, a second phosphate, and a third ribitol.

RNAi agents of any target or sequence (including, for example, HBV) can be constructed and tested which comprise an 18-mer strand, wherein the 3′ end of the 18-mer strand terminates in a phosphate or modified internucleoside linker and further comprises, in 5′ to 3′ order: a spacer, a second phosphate or modified internucleoside linker, and any 3′ end cap disclosed herein or known in the art.

Table 2 illustrates specific 3′ end caps, bound to the 3′ terminal phosphate or modified internucleoside linker.

In the structures of Tables 1 and 2:

In some embodiments, hydroxyl groups are present and X represents the 3′ end of a RNAi strand or the 3′ end of a molecule comprising, in 5′ to 3′ order, an 18-mer strand of a RNAi agent, wherein the 3′ end of the 18-mer strand terminates in a first phosphate or modified internucleosider linker and further comprises, in 5′ to 3′ order: a spacer, and a second phosphate or modified internucleoside linker, wherein the second phosphate or modified internucleoside linker is bound to the 3′ end cap. For example, the 3′ end of a strand of a RNAi can terminate at a phosphate group, to which is bound (or further comprises), in 5′ to 3′ order: the spacer, the phosphate or modified internucleoside linker, and the 3′ end cap is bound. Non-limiting examples of such a structure are shown in, for example, FIG. 15A (C3), FIG. 18C (C6, C8, and C10); and FIG. 19 (X027, C6 and X058). Table 2 shows the structures of various 3′ end caps bound to the phosphate at the 3′ end of a strand of an RNAi agent.

In some embodiments, where hydroxyl groups in the 3′ end caps are present, the hydroxyl can exist in a protected form. Suitable protecting groups for OH are known in the art. Protected forms of OH include, but are not limited to, ethers, phosphate esters, methyl tetraacetyl glucuronates, peracetyl glycosides and amino acid polypeptide esters.

Table 2, below, presents some structures of various 3′ end caps, including some of those shown in Table 1. In several of the structures, the terminal 3′ phosphate of a RNAi agent strand is also shown for context, although this phosphate is not part of the 3′ end cap.

TABLE 2A Nickname (Alternative Structure nickname) RNAi agents wherein the 3′ end of a 18-mer strand terminates in a phosphate or modified internucleoside linker and further comprises, in 5′ to 3′ order: a spacer, a second phosphate, and a 3′ end cap. The second phosphate and 3′ end cap are shown.

C3 amino

C7 amino

C8

C10

X027

X038

X050

X051

X052

X058

X059

X060

X061

X062

X063

X064

X065

X066

X067

X068

X069

X097

X098

X109

X110

X111

X112

X113

X1009

X1011

X1012

X1013

X1015

X1016

X1017

X1018

X1019

X1020

X1021

X1022

X1024

X1025

X1026

X1027

X1028

X1047

X1048

X1049

Ribitol (rib or ribp) 2.B. RNAi agents comprising 18-mer strand, wherein, as shown here, the 3′ end of the 18- mer strand terminates in a phosphate or modified internucleoside linker and further comprises, in 5′ to 3′ order: a spacer, a second phosphate, and a 3′ end cap. The 3′ terminal phosphate of the 18-mer strand, spacer, second phosphate and 3′ end cap are shown.

C3pC6

ribpC3 (ribC3)

ribpC6 (ribC6)

ribpC8 (ribC8)

ribpC10 (ribC10)

ribpCl2 (ribC12)

ribpBP (ribBP)

ribpX058 (ribX058)

2′DeoxyribC3

2′DeoxyribC6

2′DeoxyribC8

2′DeoxyribC10

2′DeoxyribC12

2′-DeoxyribBP

Diribitol (dirib or diribp) Additional structures include, inter alia: ribpX027, ribpX038, ribpX050, ribpX051, ribpX052, ribpX059, ribpX060, ribpX061, ribpX062, ribpX063, ribpX064, ribpX065, ribpX066, ribpX067, ribpX068, ribpX069, ribpX097, ribpX098, ribpX109, ribpX110, ribpX111, ribpX112, ribpX113, ribpX1009, ribpX1011, ribpX1012, ribpX1013, ribpX1015, ribpX1016, ribpX1017, ribpX1018, ribpX1019, ribpX1020, ribpX1021, ribpX1022, ribpX1024, ribpX1025, ribpX1026, ribpX1027, ribpX1028, ribpX1047, ribpX1048, and ribpX1049. These represent a spacer which is ribitol, a phosphate, and a 3′end cap which is X027, X038, X050, etc. 2.C. RNAi agents comprising a 18-mer strand, wherein, as shown here, the 3′ end of the 18-mer strand terminates in a modified internucleoside linker and further comprises, in 5′ to 3′ order: a spacer, a modified internucleoside linker, and a 3′ end cap. Example modified internucleoside linkers and 3′ end caps are shown.

PS-C6

PS-C8

PS-C10

PS-C12

PS-BP

PS-X058

PS-X097

PS-X098

PS-X109

PS-X110

PS-X111

Regarding Table 2 (including 2.A, 2.B and 2.C):

Synthesis schemes for C7 amino and C3 amino (also designated amino C7 or amino C3, respectively) are not provided, as these molecules are commercially available from and synthesis schemes were previously published by Glen Research (Sterling, Va.).

C7 amino: Catalog Number: 20-2957-xx; Description: 3′-Amino-Modifier C7 CPG 500; 2-Dimethoxytrityloxymethyl-6-fluorenylmethoxycarbonylamino-hexane-1-succinoyl-long chain alkylamino-CPG; Technical Bulletin: Pre-Synthesis Labeling of Aminomodifier C3 or C7 CPG, Glen Research (Sterling, Va.).

C3 amino: Catalog Number: 20-2913-xx; Description: 3′-Spacer C3 CPG; (1-Dimethoxytrityloxy-propanediol-3-succinoyl)-long chain alkylamino-CPG, Glen Research (Sterling, Va.). Glen Research also notes that Glen Research has no definitive data on the propyl CPG to support the assertion that it protects oligos from exonuclease digestion and does not permit polymerase extension. Glen Research's conclusion is based by analogy to the propylamino-modifier CPG [Zendegui et al. Nucleic Acids Research, 1992, 20, 307-314](Cat. No. 20-2950-41). This modification protects oligos from exonuclease digestion but permits polymerase extension to a small extent since the modifier is eliminated to a level of about 10% from the 3′ terminus, leaving the 3′-hydroxyl group available. HPLC experiments have shown that there is no detectable elimination of the propyl group from oligos made from the spacer C3-CPG.

Example 3′ end caps C8 and C10 are also illustrated in FIG. 16C, and ribitol and diribitol in FIG. 17, in the context of a RNAi agent strand.

It is noted that Table 2 lists various 3′ end caps that comprise both a spacer (e.g., C3p, ribitol, or 2′-deoxyribitol) and a 3′ end cap. Thus, for example, “C3pC6” can be, depending on context, considered as a “3′ endcap”, or as “a spacer and phosphate and a 3′ end cap” (C3+p+C6). The efficacy of RNAi agents comprising a spacer and a 3′ end cap is shown in, for example, 5A, 5B, 10 and 14.

The present disclosure encompasses any RNAi agent comprising a 3′ end cap as shown in Tables 1 or 2 or otherwise disclosed herein.

Additional information can be found in U.S. patent applications 61/886,753; 61/930,681; 61/886,748; 61/886,739; and 61/886,760, which are all incorporated by reference in their entirety.

18-Mer RNAi Agents Comprising a 3′ End Cap (with No Spacer or Second Phosphate or Modified Internucleoside Linker)

This disclosure contemplates various formats of RNAi agents, which can be used to produce HBV RNAi agents.

These include:

In various embodiments, the RNAi agent comprises an 18-mer strand, wherein the 3′ end of the 18-mer strand terminates in a phosphate or modified internucleoside linker and further comprises a 3′ end cap. In some embodiments, the disclosure pertains to a RNAi agent that comprises a first and a second strand, wherein the first and second strand are both 18-mers, and the first and second strand together form a blunt-ended duplex, and wherein the 3′ end of the first strand terminates in a phosphate or modified internucleoside linker and further comprises, in 5′ to 3′ order: a spacer, a phosphate or modified internucleoside linker, and a 3′ end cap; and wherein the 3′ end of the second strand terminates in a phosphate or modified internucleoside linker and further comprises a 3′ end cap. In some embodiments, the disclosure pertains to a RNAi agent that comprises a first and a second strand, wherein the first and second strands are both 18-mers, and the first and second strand together form a blunt-ended duplex, and wherein the 3′ end of both the first and second strand terminate in a phosphate or modified internucleoside linker and both further comprise a 3′ end cap. In some embodiments, the first strand is the antisense strand and the second strand is the sense strand. In other embodiments, the first strand is the sense strand and the second strand is the antisense strand. Such embodiments lack a spacer or second phosphate or modified internucleoside linker.

In various embodiments, the 3′ end cap is triethylene glycol, cyclohexyl, phenyl, BP (biphenyl), lithochol (lithocholic acid), adamantane, C3 amino, C7 amino, C3, C6, C8, C10, C12, X027, X038, X050, X051, X052, X058, X059, X060, X061, X062, X063, X064, X065, X066, X067, X068, X069, X097, X098, X109, X110, X111, X112, X113, X1009, X1010, X1011, X1012, X1013, X1015, X1016, X1017, X1018, X1019, X1020, X1021, X1022, X1024, X1025, X1026, X1027, X1028, X1047, X1048, X1049, X1062, X1063, or X1064, or any 3′ end cap disclosed herein or known in the art.

An example is shown in FIG. 17 (“ribitol”), wherein the RNAi agent comprises an 18-mer strand, wherein the 3′ end of the 18-mer strand terminates in a phosphate and further comprises a 3′ end cap which is ribitol.

Another example is shown in FIG. 11, wherein an RNAi agent to Factor 7 (FVII) comprises an 18-mer strand, wherein the 3′ end of the 18-mer strand terminates in a phosphate and further comprises a 3′ end cap which is C6 (designated “C6 overhang”).

Thus:

In various embodiments, the disclosure encompasses:

A HBV RNAi agent comprising a first strand and a second strand, wherein each strand is an 18-mer and together the first and second strand form a blunt-ended duplex, wherein the 3′ end of at least one strand terminates in a phosphate or modified internucleoside linker and further comprises a 3′ end cap, and wherein the 3′ end cap is C7 amino.

A HBV RNAi agent comprising a first strand and a second strand, wherein each strand is an 18-mer and together the first and second strand form a blunt-ended duplex, wherein the 3′ end of at least one strand terminates in a phosphate or modified internucleoside linker and further comprises a 3′ end cap, and wherein the 3′ end cap is C3 amino.

A HBV RNAi agent comprising a first strand and a second strand, wherein each strand is an 18-mer and together the first and second strand form a blunt-ended duplex, wherein the 3′ end of at least one strand terminates in a phosphate or modified internucleoside linker and further comprises a 3′ end cap, and wherein the 3′ end cap is C3.

A HBV RNAi agent comprising a first strand and a second strand, wherein each strand is an 18-mer and together the first and second strand form a blunt-ended duplex, wherein the 3′ end of at least one strand terminates in a phosphate or modified internucleoside linker and further comprises a 3′ end cap, and wherein the 3′ end cap is C6.

A HBV RNAi agent comprising a first strand and a second strand, wherein each strand is an 18-mer and together the first and second strand form a blunt-ended duplex, wherein the 3′ end of at least one strand terminates in a phosphate or modified internucleoside linker and further comprises a 3′ end cap, and wherein the 3′ end cap is C8.

A HBV RNAi agent comprising a first strand and a second strand, wherein each strand is an 18-mer and together the first and second strand form a blunt-ended duplex, wherein the 3′ end of at least one strand terminates in a phosphate or modified internucleoside linker and further comprises a 3′ end cap, and wherein the 3′ end cap is C10.

A HBV RNAi agent comprising a first strand and a second strand, wherein each strand is an 18-mer and together the first and second strand form a blunt-ended duplex, wherein the 3′ end of at least one strand terminates in a phosphate or modified internucleoside linker and further comprises a 3′ end cap, and wherein the 3′ end cap is C12.

A HBV RNAi agent comprising a first strand and a second strand, wherein each strand is an 18-mer and together the first and second strand form a blunt-ended duplex, wherein the 3′ end of at least one strand terminates in a phosphate or modified internucleoside linker and further comprises a 3′ end cap, and wherein the 3′ end cap is X027.

A HBV RNAi agent comprising a first strand and a second strand, wherein each strand is an 18-mer and together the first and second strand form a blunt-ended duplex, wherein the 3′ end of at least one strand terminates in a phosphate or modified internucleoside linker and further comprises a 3′ end cap, and wherein the 3′ end cap is X038.

A HBV RNAi agent comprising a first strand and a second strand, wherein each strand is an 18-mer and together the first and second strand form a blunt-ended duplex, wherein the 3′ end of at least one strand terminates in a phosphate or modified internucleoside linker and further comprises a 3′ end cap, and wherein the 3′ end cap is X050.

A HBV RNAi agent comprising a first strand and a second strand, wherein each strand is an 18-mer and together the first and second strand form a blunt-ended duplex, wherein the 3′ end of at least one strand terminates in a phosphate or modified internucleoside linker and further comprises a 3′ end cap, and wherein the 3′ end cap is X051.

A HBV RNAi agent comprising a first strand and a second strand, wherein each strand is an 18-mer and together the first and second strand form a blunt-ended duplex, wherein the 3′ end of at least one strand terminates in a phosphate or modified internucleoside linker and further comprises a 3′ end cap, and wherein the 3′ end cap is X052.

A HBV RNAi agent comprising a first strand and a second strand, wherein each strand is an 18-mer and together the first and second strand form a blunt-ended duplex, wherein the 3′ end of at least one strand terminates in a phosphate or modified internucleoside linker and further comprises a 3′ end cap, and wherein the 3′ end cap is X058.

A HBV RNAi agent comprising a first strand and a second strand, wherein each strand is an 18-mer and together the first and second strand form a blunt-ended duplex, wherein the 3′ end of at least one strand terminates in a phosphate or modified internucleoside linker and further comprises a 3′ end cap, and wherein the 3′ end cap is X059.

A HBV RNAi agent comprising a first strand and a second strand, wherein each strand is an 18-mer and together the first and second strand form a blunt-ended duplex, wherein the 3′ end of at least one strand terminates in a phosphate or modified internucleoside linker and further comprises a 3′ end cap, and wherein the 3′ end cap is X060.

A HBV RNAi agent comprising a first strand and a second strand, wherein each strand is an 18-mer and together the first and second strand form a blunt-ended duplex, wherein the 3′ end of at least one strand terminates in a phosphate or modified internucleoside linker and further comprises a 3′ end cap, and wherein the 3′ end cap is X061.

A HBV RNAi agent comprising a first strand and a second strand, wherein each strand is an 18-mer and together the first and second strand form a blunt-ended duplex, wherein the 3′ end of at least one strand terminates in a phosphate or modified internucleoside linker and further comprises a 3′ end cap, and wherein the 3′ end cap is X062.

A HBV RNAi agent comprising a first strand and a second strand, wherein each strand is an 18-mer and together the first and second strand form a blunt-ended duplex, wherein the 3′ end of at least one strand terminates in a phosphate or modified internucleoside linker and further comprises a 3′ end cap, and wherein the 3′ end cap is X063.

A HBV RNAi agent comprising a first strand and a second strand, wherein each strand is an 18-mer and together the first and second strand form a blunt-ended duplex, wherein the 3′ end of at least one strand terminates in a phosphate or modified internucleoside linker and further comprises a 3′ end cap, and wherein the 3′ end cap is X064.

A HBV RNAi agent comprising a first strand and a second strand, wherein each strand is an 18-mer and together the first and second strand form a blunt-ended duplex, wherein the 3′ end of at least one strand terminates in a phosphate or modified internucleoside linker and further comprises a 3′ end cap, and wherein the 3′ end cap is X065.

A HBV RNAi agent comprising a first strand and a second strand, wherein each strand is an 18-mer and together the first and second strand form a blunt-ended duplex, wherein the 3′ end of at least one strand terminates in a phosphate or modified internucleoside linker and further comprises a 3′ end cap, and wherein the 3′ end cap is X066.

A HBV RNAi agent comprising a first strand and a second strand, wherein each strand is an 18-mer and together the first and second strand form a blunt-ended duplex, wherein the 3′ end of at least one strand terminates in a phosphate or modified internucleoside linker and further comprises a 3′ end cap, and wherein the 3′ end cap is X067.

A HBV RNAi agent comprising a first strand and a second strand, wherein each strand is an 18-mer and together the first and second strand form a blunt-ended duplex, wherein the 3′ end of at least one strand terminates in a phosphate or modified internucleoside linker and further comprises a 3′ end cap, and wherein the 3′ end cap is X068.

A HBV RNAi agent comprising a first strand and a second strand, wherein each strand is an 18-mer and together the first and second strand form a blunt-ended duplex, wherein the 3′ end of at least one strand terminates in a phosphate or modified internucleoside linker and further comprises a 3′ end cap, and wherein the 3′ end cap is X069.

A HBV RNAi agent comprising a first strand and a second strand, wherein each strand is an 18-mer and together the first and second strand form a blunt-ended duplex, wherein the 3′ end of at least one strand terminates in a phosphate or modified internucleoside linker and further comprises a 3′ end cap, and wherein the 3′ end cap is X097.

A HBV RNAi agent comprising a first strand and a second strand, wherein each strand is an 18-mer and together the first and second strand form a blunt-ended duplex, wherein the 3′ end of at least one strand terminates in a phosphate or modified internucleoside linker and further comprises a 3′ end cap, and wherein the 3′ end cap is X098.

A HBV RNAi agent comprising a first strand and a second strand, wherein each strand is an 18-mer and together the first and second strand form a blunt-ended duplex, wherein the 3′ end of at least one strand terminates in a phosphate or modified internucleoside linker and further comprises a 3′ end cap, and wherein the 3′ end cap is X109.

A HBV RNAi agent comprising a first strand and a second strand, wherein each strand is an 18-mer and together the first and second strand form a blunt-ended duplex, wherein the 3′ end of at least one strand terminates in a phosphate or modified internucleoside linker and further comprises a 3′ end cap, and wherein the 3′ end cap is X110.

A HBV RNAi agent comprising a first strand and a second strand, wherein each strand is an 18-mer and together the first and second strand form a blunt-ended duplex, wherein the 3′ end of at least one strand terminates in a phosphate or modified internucleoside linker and further comprises a 3′ end cap, and wherein the 3′ end cap is X111.

A HBV RNAi agent comprising a first strand and a second strand, wherein each strand is an 18-mer and together the first and second strand form a blunt-ended duplex, wherein the 3′ end of at least one strand terminates in a phosphate or modified internucleoside linker and further comprises a 3′ end cap, and wherein the 3′ end cap is X112.

A HBV RNAi agent comprising a first strand and a second strand, wherein each strand is an 18-mer and together the first and second strand form a blunt-ended duplex, wherein the 3′ end of at least one strand terminates in a phosphate or modified internucleoside linker and further comprises a 3′ end cap, and wherein the 3′ end cap is X113.

A HBV RNAi agent comprising a first strand and a second strand, wherein each strand is an 18-mer and together the first and second strand form a blunt-ended duplex, wherein the 3′ end of at least one strand terminates in a phosphate or modified internucleoside linker and further comprises a 3′ end cap, and wherein the 3′ end cap is X1009.

A HBV RNAi agent comprising a first strand and a second strand, wherein each strand is an 18-mer and together the first and second strand form a blunt-ended duplex, wherein the 3′ end of at least one strand terminates in a phosphate or modified internucleoside linker and further comprises a 3′ end cap, and wherein the 3′ end cap is X1010.

A HBV RNAi agent comprising a first strand and a second strand, wherein each strand is an 18-mer and together the first and second strand form a blunt-ended duplex, wherein the 3′ end of at least one strand terminates in a phosphate or modified internucleoside linker and further comprises a 3′ end cap, and wherein the 3′ end cap is X1011.

A HBV RNAi agent comprising a first strand and a second strand, wherein each strand is an 18-mer and together the first and second strand form a blunt-ended duplex, wherein the 3′ end of at least one strand terminates in a phosphate or modified internucleoside linker and further comprises a 3′ end cap, and wherein the 3′ end cap is X1012.

A HBV RNAi agent comprising a first strand and a second strand, wherein each strand is an 18-mer and together the first and second strand form a blunt-ended duplex, wherein the 3′ end of at least one strand terminates in a phosphate or modified internucleoside linker and further comprises a 3′ end cap, and wherein the 3′ end cap is X1013.

A HBV RNAi agent comprising a first strand and a second strand, wherein each strand is an 18-mer and together the first and second strand form a blunt-ended duplex, wherein the 3′ end of at least one strand terminates in a phosphate or modified internucleoside linker and further comprises a 3′ end cap, and wherein the 3′ end cap is X1015.

A HBV RNAi agent comprising a first strand and a second strand, wherein each strand is an 18-mer and together the first and second strand form a blunt-ended duplex, wherein the 3′ end of at least one strand terminates in a phosphate or modified internucleoside linker and further comprises a 3′ end cap, and wherein the 3′ end cap is X1016.

A HBV RNAi agent comprising a first strand and a second strand, wherein each strand is an 18-mer and together the first and second strand form a blunt-ended duplex, wherein the 3′ end of at least one strand terminates in a phosphate or modified internucleoside linker and further comprises a 3′ end cap, and wherein the 3′ end cap is X1017.

A HBV RNAi agent comprising a first strand and a second strand, wherein each strand is an 18-mer and together the first and second strand form a blunt-ended duplex, wherein the 3′ end of at least one strand terminates in a phosphate or modified internucleoside linker and further comprises a 3′ end cap, and wherein the 3′ end cap is X1018.

A HBV RNAi agent comprising a first strand and a second strand, wherein each strand is an 18-mer and together the first and second strand form a blunt-ended duplex, wherein the 3′ end of at least one strand terminates in a phosphate or modified internucleoside linker and further comprises a 3′ end cap, and wherein the 3′ end cap is X1019.

A HBV RNAi agent comprising a first strand and a second strand, wherein each strand is an 18-mer and together the first and second strand form a blunt-ended duplex, wherein the 3′ end of at least one strand terminates in a phosphate or modified internucleoside linker and further comprises a 3′ end cap, and wherein the 3′ end cap is X1020.

A HBV RNAi agent comprising a first strand and a second strand, wherein each strand is an 18-mer and together the first and second strand form a blunt-ended duplex, wherein the 3′ end of at least one strand terminates in a phosphate or modified internucleoside linker and further comprises a 3′ end cap, and wherein the 3′ end cap is X1021.

A HBV RNAi agent comprising a first strand and a second strand, wherein each strand is an 18-mer and together the first and second strand form a blunt-ended duplex, wherein the 3′ end of at least one strand terminates in a phosphate or modified internucleoside linker and further comprises a 3′ end cap, and wherein the 3′ end cap is X1022.

A HBV RNAi agent comprising a first strand and a second strand, wherein each strand is an 18-mer and together the first and second strand form a blunt-ended duplex, wherein the 3′ end of at least one strand terminates in a phosphate or modified internucleoside linker and further comprises a 3′ end cap, and wherein the 3′ end cap is X1024.

A HBV RNAi agent comprising a first strand and a second strand, wherein each strand is an 18-mer and together the first and second strand form a blunt-ended duplex, wherein the 3′ end of at least one strand terminates in a phosphate or modified internucleoside linker and further comprises a 3′ end cap, and wherein the 3′ end cap is X1025.

A HBV RNAi agent comprising a first strand and a second strand, wherein each strand is an 18-mer and together the first and second strand form a blunt-ended duplex, wherein the 3′ end of at least one strand terminates in a phosphate or modified internucleoside linker and further comprises a 3′ end cap, and wherein the 3′ end cap is X1026.

A HBV RNAi agent comprising a first strand and a second strand, wherein each strand is an 18-mer and together the first and second strand form a blunt-ended duplex, wherein the 3′ end of at least one strand terminates in a phosphate or modified internucleoside linker and further comprises a 3′ end cap, and wherein the 3′ end cap is X1027.

A HBV RNAi agent comprising a first strand and a second strand, wherein each strand is an 18-mer and together the first and second strand form a blunt-ended duplex, wherein the 3′ end of at least one strand terminates in a phosphate or modified internucleoside linker and further comprises a 3′ end cap, and wherein the 3′ end cap is X1028.

A HBV RNAi agent comprising a first strand and a second strand, wherein each strand is an 18-mer and together the first and second strand form a blunt-ended duplex, wherein the 3′ end of at least one strand terminates in a phosphate or modified internucleoside linker and further comprises a 3′ end cap, and wherein the 3′ end cap is X1047.

A HBV RNAi agent comprising a first strand and a second strand, wherein each strand is an 18-mer and together the first and second strand form a blunt-ended duplex, wherein the 3′ end of at least one strand terminates in a phosphate or modified internucleoside linker and further comprises a 3′ end cap, and wherein the 3′ end cap is X1048.

A HBV RNAi agent comprising a first strand and a second strand, wherein each strand is an 18-mer and together the first and second strand form a blunt-ended duplex, wherein the 3′ end of at least one strand terminates in a phosphate or modified internucleoside linker and further comprises a 3′ end cap, and wherein the 3′ end cap is X1049.

A HBV RNAi agent comprising a first strand and a second strand, wherein each strand is an 18-mer and together the first and second strand form a blunt-ended duplex, wherein the 3′ end of at least one strand terminates in a phosphate or modified internucleoside linker and further comprises a 3′ end cap, and wherein the 3′ end cap is ribitol.

For each and every of the RNAi agents listed in this section, the HBV RNAi agent can be of any sequence (including but not limited to any HBV sequence disclosed herein or 18-mer portion thereof), and can be, as a non-limiting example, a double-stranded RNA, wherein optionally one or more phosphates are replaced by a modified internucleoside linker, optionally one or more nucleotides are modified, and optionally one or more RNA nucleotides are replaced by DNA, PNA, LNA, morpholino, TNA, GNA, ANA, HNA, CeNA, FANA, and/or UNA.

RNAi Agents Comprising a Spacer, a Second Phosphate or Modified Internucleoside Linker, and a 3′ End Cap

In various embodiments, the disclosure pertains to an RNAi agent comprising a 18-mer strand, wherein the 3′ end of the 18-mer strand terminates in a phosphate or a modified internucleoside linker, and further comprises, in 5′ to 3′ order: a spacer, a second phosphate or a modified internucleoside linker, and a 3′ end cap (e.g., any 3′ end cap listed in Tables 1 or 2 or otherwise disclosed herein or known in the art).

In various embodiments, the disclosure encompasses:

A HBV RNAi agent comprising a first and a second strand, wherein the first and/or second strand is an 18-mer strand, and the 3′ end of the 18-mer strand terminates in a phosphate or a modified internucleoside linker and further comprises, in 5′ to 3′ order: a spacer, a second phosphate or a modified internucleoside linker, and a 3′ end cap.

A HBV RNAi agent comprising a first and a second strand, wherein the first and/or second strand is an 18-mer strand, and the 3′ end of the 18-mer strand terminates in a phosphate or a modified internucleoside linker and further comprises, in 5′ to 3′ order: a spacer, a second phosphate or a modified internucleoside linker, and a 3′ end cap, and wherein the spacer is a ribitol.

A HBV RNAi agent comprising a first and a second strand, wherein the first and/or second strand is an 18-mer strand, and the 3′ end of the 18-mer strand terminates in a phosphate or a modified internucleoside linker and further comprises, in 5′ to 3′ order: a spacer, a second phosphate or a modified internucleoside linker, and a 3′ end cap, and wherein the spacer is a 2′-deoxy-ribitol.

A HBV RNAi agent comprising a first and a second strand, wherein the first and/or second strand is an 18-mer strand, and the 3′ end of the 18-mer strand terminates in a phosphate or a modified internucleoside linker and further comprises, in 5′ to 3′ order: a spacer, a second phosphate or a modified internucleoside linker, and a 3′ end cap, and wherein the spacer is a diribitol.

A HBV RNAi agent comprising a first and a second strand, wherein the first and/or second strand is an 18-mer strand, and the 3′ end of the 18-mer strand terminates in a phosphate or a modified internucleoside linker and further comprises, in 5′ to 3′ order: a spacer, a second phosphate or a modified internucleoside linker, and a 3′ end cap, and wherein the spacer is a 2′-methoxyethoxy-ribitol.

An RNAi agent a first and a second strand, wherein the first and/or second strand is an 18-mer strand, and the 3′ end of the 18-mer strand terminates in a phosphate or a modified internucleoside linker and further comprises, in 5′ to 3′ order: a spacer, a second phosphate or a modified internucleoside linker, and a 3′ end cap, and wherein the spacer is a C3.

A HBV RNAi agent comprising a first and a second strand, wherein the first and/or second strand is an 18-mer strand, and the 3′ end of the 18-mer strand terminates in a phosphate or a modified internucleoside linker and further comprises, in 5′ to 3′ order: a spacer, a second phosphate or a modified internucleoside linker, and a 3′ end cap, and wherein the spacer is a C4.

A HBV RNAi agent comprising a first and a second strand, wherein the first and/or second strand is an 18-mer strand, and the 3′ end of the 18-mer strand terminates in a phosphate or a modified internucleoside linker and further comprises, in 5′ to 3′ order: a spacer, a second phosphate or a modified internucleoside linker, and a 3′ end cap, and wherein the spacer is a C5.

A HBV RNAi agent comprising a first and a second strand, wherein the first and/or second strand is an 18-mer strand, and the 3′ end of the 18-mer strand terminates in a phosphate or a modified internucleoside linker and further comprises, in 5′ to 3′ order: a spacer, a second phosphate or a modified internucleoside linker, and a 3′ end cap, and wherein the spacer is a C6.

A HBV RNAi agent comprising a first and a second strand, wherein the first and/or second strand is an 18-mer strand, and the 3′ end of the 18-mer strand terminates in a phosphate or a modified internucleoside linker and further comprises, in 5′ to 3′ order: a spacer, a second phosphate or a modified internucleoside linker, and a 3′ end cap, and wherein the spacer is 4-methoxybutane-1,3-diol.

In each and every RNAi agent in this section, the 3′ end cap is selected from: triethylene glycol, cyclohexyl, phenyl, BP (biphenyl), lithochol (lithocholic acid), adamantane, C3 amino, C7 amino, C3, C6, C8, C10, C12, X027, X038, X050, X051, X052, X058, X059, X060, X061, X062, X063, X064, X065, X066, X067, X068, X069, X097, X098, X109, X110, X111, X112, X113, X1009, X1010, X1011, X1012, X1013, X1015, X1016, X1017, X1018, X1019, X1020, X1021, X1022, X1024, X1025, X1026, X1027, X1028, X1047, X1048, X1049, X1062, X1063, X1064, or ribitol. In addition, for each and every of the HBV RNAi agents listed in this section, the HBV RNAi agent can be of any sequence (including but not limited to any HBV sequence described herein or 18-mer portion thereof), and can be, as a non-limiting example, a double-stranded RNA, wherein optionally one or more phosphates are replaced by a modified internucleoside linker, optionally one or more nucleotides are modified, and optionally one or more RNA nucleotides are replaced by DNA, PNA, LNA, morpholino, TNA, GNA, ANA, HNA, CeNA, FANA, and/or UNA.

Additional Embodiments Comprising a Spacer, a Phosphate or Modified Internucleoside Linker, and a 3′ End Cap

This disclosure encompasses, inter alia:

An RNAi agent comprising a first and a second strand, each strand being an 18-mer and the first and second strand together forming a blunt-ended duplex, wherein the 3′ end of the first and/or second strand terminates in a phosphate and further comprises, in 5′ to 3′ order: a spacer, a second phosphate, and a 3′ end cap, and wherein the spacer is C3 and the 3′ end cap is C6. This structure is designated C3pC6. Efficacious RNAi agents were constructed to several targets comprising a first strand and a second strand, wherein both strands are 18-mers, and the 3′ end of the first and second strand terminates in a phosphate and further comprises, in 5′ to 3′ order: a C3 spacer, a second phosphate, and a C6 3′ end cap [collectively, C3pC6]. Such efficacious RNAi agents include several to SSB (human sequences 309, 880, 1586, 180, 1596 and 1591).

An RNAi agent comprising a first and a second strand, each strand being an 18-mer and the first and second strand together forming a blunt-ended duplex, wherein the 3′ end of the first and/or second strand terminates in a phosphate and further comprises, in 5′ to 3′ order: a spacer, a second phosphate, and a 3′ end cap, and wherein the spacer is ribitol and the 3′ end cap is C3. This structure is designated ribC3 or ribpC3.

An RNAi agent comprising a first and a second strand, each strand being an 18-mer and the first and second strand together forming a blunt-ended duplex, wherein the 3′ end of the first and/or second strand terminates in a phosphate and further comprises, in 5′ to 3′ order: a spacer, a second phosphate, and a 3′ end cap, and wherein the spacer is ribitol and the 3′ end cap is C6. This structure is designated ribpC6. The efficacy of a RNAi agent comprising a ribpC6 is shown in FIG. 5A. An efficacious RNAi agent comprising this 3′ end cap is shown in FIG. 11.

An RNAi agent comprising a first and a second strand, each strand being an 18-mer and the first and second strand together forming a blunt-ended duplex, wherein the 3′ end of the first and/or second strand terminates in a phosphate and further comprises, in 5′ to 3′ order: a spacer, a second phosphate, and a 3′ end cap, and wherein the spacer is ribitol and the 3′ end cap is C6. This structure is designated ribC6 or ribpC6.

An RNAi agent comprising a first and a second strand, each strand being an 18-mer and the first and second strand together forming a blunt-ended duplex, wherein the 3′ end of the first and/or second strand terminates in a phosphate and further comprises, in 5′ to 3′ order: a spacer, a second phosphate, and a 3′ end cap, and wherein the spacer is ribitol and the 3′ end cap is C8. This structure is designated ribC8 or ribpC8.

An RNAi agent comprising a first and a second strand, each strand being an 18-mer and the first and second strand together forming a blunt-ended duplex, wherein the 3′ end of the first and/or second strand terminates in a phosphate and further comprises, in 5′ to 3′ order: a spacer, a second phosphate, and a 3′ end cap, and wherein the spacer is ribitol and the 3′ end cap is C10. This structure is designated ribC10 or ribpC10.

An RNAi agent comprising a first and a second strand, each strand being an 18-mer and the first and second strand together forming a blunt-ended duplex, wherein the 3′ end of first and/or second strand terminates in a phosphate and further comprises, in 5′ to 3′ order: a spacer, a second phosphate, and a 3′ end cap, and wherein the spacer is ribitol and the 3′ end cap is C12. This structure is designated ribC12 or ribpC12.

An RNAi agent comprising a first and a second strand, each strand being an 18-mer and the first and second strand together forming a blunt-ended duplex, wherein the 3′ end of the first and/or second strand terminates in a phosphate and further comprises, in 5′ to 3′ order: a spacer, a second phosphate, and a 3′ end cap, and wherein the spacer is ribitol and the 3′ end cap is BP. This structure is designated ribpBP. The efficacy of a RNAi agent comprising this 3′ end cap is shown in FIG. 4A.

An RNAi agent comprising a first and a second strand, each strand being an 18-mer and the first and second strand together forming a blunt-ended duplex, wherein the 3′ end of the first and/or second strand terminates in a phosphate and further comprises, in 5′ to 3′ order: a spacer, a second phosphate, and a 3′ end cap, and wherein the spacer is ribitol and the 3′ end cap is X027. This structure is designated ribX027. The efficacy of a RNAi agent comprising this 3′ end cap is shown in FIG. 4A.

An RNAi agent comprising a first and a second strand, each strand being an 18-mer and the first and second strand together forming a blunt-ended duplex, wherein the 3′ end of the first and/or second strand terminates in a phosphate and further comprises, in 5′ to 3′ order: a spacer, a second phosphate, and a 3′ end cap, and wherein the spacer is ribitol and the 3′ end cap is X038. This structure is designated ribX038. The efficacy of a RNAi agent comprising this 3′ end cap is shown in FIG. 4A.

An RNAi agent comprising a first and a second strand, each strand being an 18-mer and the first and second strand together forming a blunt-ended duplex, wherein the 3′ end of the first and/or second strand terminates in a phosphate and further comprises, in 5′ to 3′ order: a spacer, a second phosphate, and a 3′ end cap, and wherein the spacer is ribitol and the 3′ end cap is X050. This structure is designated ribX050. The efficacy of a RNAi agent comprising this 3′ end cap is shown in FIG. 4A.

An RNAi agent comprising a first and a second strand, each strand being an 18-mer and the first and second strand together forming a blunt-ended duplex, wherein the 3′ end of the first and/or second strand terminates in a phosphate and further comprises, in 5′ to 3′ order: a spacer, a second phosphate, and a 3′ end cap, and wherein the spacer is ribitol and the 3′ end cap is X051. This structure is designated ribX051. The efficacy of a RNAi agent comprising this 3′ end cap is shown in FIG. 4A.

An RNAi agent comprising a first and a second strand, each strand being an 18-mer and the first and second strand together forming a blunt-ended duplex, wherein the 3′ end of the first and/or second strand terminates in a phosphate and further comprises, in 5′ to 3′ order: a spacer, a second phosphate, and a 3′ end cap, and wherein the spacer is ribitol and the 3′ end cap is X052. This structure is designated ribX052. The efficacy of a RNAi agent comprising this 3′ end cap is shown in FIG. 4A.

An RNAi agent comprising a first and a second strand, each strand being an 18-mer and the first and second strand together forming a blunt-ended duplex, wherein the 3′ end of the first and/or second strand terminates in a phosphate and further comprises, in 5′ to 3′ order: a spacer, a second phosphate, and a 3′ end cap, and wherein the spacer is ribitol and the 3′ end cap is X058. This structure is designated ribX058. The efficacy of a RNAi agent comprising this 3′ end cap is shown in FIG. 4A. An efficacious RNAi agent comprising this 3′ end cap is shown in FIG. 11.

An RNAi agent comprising a first and a second strand, each strand being an 18-mer and the first and second strand together forming a blunt-ended duplex, wherein the 3′ end of the first and/or second strand terminates in a phosphate and further comprises, in 5′ to 3′ order: a spacer, a second phosphate, and a 3′ end cap, and wherein the spacer is ribitol and the 3′ end cap is X059. This structure is designated ribX059. The efficacy of a RNAi agent comprising this 3′ end cap is shown in FIG. 4A.

An RNAi agent comprising a first and a second strand, each strand being an 18-mer and the first and second strand together forming a blunt-ended duplex, wherein the 3′ end of the first and/or second strand terminates in a phosphate and further comprises, in 5′ to 3′ order: a spacer, a second phosphate, and a 3′ end cap, and wherein the spacer is ribitol and the 3′ end cap is X060. This structure is designated ribX060. The efficacy of a RNAi agent comprising this 3′ end cap is shown in FIG. 4A.

An RNAi agent comprising a first and a second strand, each strand being an 18-mer and the first and second strand together forming a blunt-ended duplex, wherein the 3′ end of the first and/or second strand terminates in a phosphate and further comprises, in 5′ to 3′ order: a spacer, a second phosphate, and a 3′ end cap, and wherein the spacer is ribitol and the 3′ end cap is X061. This structure is designated ribX061. The efficacy of a RNAi agent comprising this 3′ end cap is shown in FIG. 4B.

An RNAi agent comprising a first and a second strand, each strand being an 18-mer and the first and second strand together forming a blunt-ended duplex, wherein the 3′ end of the first and/or second strand terminates in a phosphate and further comprises, in 5′ to 3′ order: a spacer, a second phosphate, and a 3′ end cap, and wherein the spacer is ribitol and the 3′ end cap is X062. ribX062. The efficacy of a RNAi agent comprising this 3′ end cap is shown in FIG. 4B.

An RNAi agent comprising a first and a second strand, each strand being an 18-mer and the first and second strand together forming a blunt-ended duplex, wherein the 3′ end of the first and/or second strand terminates in a phosphate and further comprises, in 5′ to 3′ order: a spacer, a second phosphate, and a 3′ end cap, and wherein the spacer is ribitol and the 3′ end cap is X063. This structure is designated ribX063. The efficacy of a RNAi agent comprising this 3′ end cap is shown in FIG. 4B.

An RNAi agent comprising a first and a second strand, each strand being an 18-mer and the first and second strand together forming a blunt-ended duplex, wherein the 3′ end of the first and/or second strand terminates in a phosphate and further comprises, in 5′ to 3′ order: a spacer, a second phosphate, and a 3′ end cap, and wherein the spacer is ribitol and the 3′ end cap is X064. ribX064. The efficacy of a RNAi agent comprising this 3′ end cap is shown in FIG. 4B.

An RNAi agent comprising a first and a second strand, each strand being an 18-mer and the first and second strand together forming a blunt-ended duplex, wherein the 3′ end of the first and/or second strand terminates in a phosphate and further comprises, in 5′ to 3′ order: a spacer, a second phosphate, and a 3′ end cap, and wherein the spacer is ribitol and the 3′ end cap is X065. This structure is designated ribX065. The efficacy of a RNAi agent comprising this 3′ end cap is shown in FIG. 4B.

An RNAi agent comprising a first and a second strand, each strand being an 18-mer and the first and second strand together forming a blunt-ended duplex, wherein the 3′ end of the first and/or second strand terminates in a phosphate and further comprises, in 5′ to 3′ order: a spacer, a second phosphate, and a 3′ end cap, and wherein the spacer is ribitol and the 3′ end cap is X066. This structure is designated ribX066. The efficacy of a RNAi agent comprising this 3′ end cap is shown in FIG. 4B.

An RNAi agent comprising a first and a second strand, each strand being an 18-mer and the first and second strand together forming a blunt-ended duplex, wherein the 3′ end of the first and/or second strand terminates in a phosphate and further comprises, in 5′ to 3′ order: a spacer, a second phosphate, and a 3′ end cap, and wherein the spacer is ribitol and the 3′ end cap is X067. This structure is designated ribX067. The efficacy of a RNAi agent comprising this 3′ end cap is shown in FIG. 4B.

An RNAi agent comprising a first and a second strand, each strand being an 18-mer and the first and second strand together forming a blunt-ended duplex, wherein the 3′ end of the first and/or second strand terminates in a phosphate and further comprises, in 5′ to 3′ order: a spacer, a second phosphate, and a 3′ end cap, and wherein the spacer is ribitol and the 3′ end cap is X068. This structure is designated ribX068. The efficacy of a RNAi agent comprising this 3′ end cap is shown in FIG. 4B.

An RNAi agent comprising a first and a second strand, each strand being an 18-mer and the first and second strand together forming a blunt-ended duplex, wherein the 3′ end of the first and/or second strand terminates in a phosphate and further comprises, in 5′ to 3′ order: a spacer, a second phosphate, and a 3′ end cap, and wherein the spacer is ribitol and the 3′ end cap is X069. This structure is designated ribX069. The efficacy of a RNAi agent comprising this 3′ end cap is shown in FIG. 4B.

For each and every of structure listed in this section, the RNAi agent can be of any sequence or target, and can be, as a non-limiting example, a double-stranded RNA, wherein optionally one or more phosphates are replaced by a modified internucleoside linker, optionally one or more nucleotides are modified, and optionally one or more RNA nucleotides are replaced by DNA, PNA, LNA, morpholino, TNA, GNA, ANA, HNA, CeNA, FANA, and/or UNA.

These structures and formats can be used, for example, to produce HBV RNAi agents.

The disclosure also encompasses a RNAi agent comprising a first strand and a second strand, wherein the first and/or second strand terminates in a PS (phosphorothioate), and further comprises a 3′ end cap. The disclosure also a RNAi agent comprising a first strand and a second strand, wherein the first and/or second strand terminates in a PS (phosphorothioate), and further comprises, in 5′ to 3′ order: a spacer, phosphate or a modified internucleoside linker, and a 3′ end cap.

Thus, the disclosure encompasses:

A RNAi agent comprising a first strand and a second strand, wherein each strand is an 18-mer and together the first and second strand form a blunt-ended duplex, and wherein the 3′ end of the first and/or second strand terminates in a PS and further comprises a 3′ end cap, wherein the 3′ end cap is C3. This structure is designated PS-C3. This efficacy of a RNAi agent comprising this 3′ end cap is described in Example 6 and FIGS. 20 A-E).

A RNAi agent comprising a first strand and a second strand, wherein each strand is an 18-mer and together the first and second strand form a blunt-ended duplex, and wherein the 3′ end of the first and/or second strand terminates in a PS and further comprises a 3′ end cap, wherein the 3′ end cap is C6. This structure is designated PS-C6.

A RNAi agent comprising a first strand and a second strand, wherein each strand is an 18-mer and together the first and second strand form a blunt-ended duplex, and wherein the 3′ end of the first and/or second strand terminates in a PS and further comprises a 3′ end cap, wherein the 3′ end cap is C8. This structure is designated PS-C8.

A RNAi agent comprising a first strand and a second strand, wherein each strand is an 18-mer and together the first and second strand form a blunt-ended duplex, and wherein the 3′ end of the first and/or second strand terminates in a PS and further comprises a 3′ end cap, wherein the 3′ end cap is C10. This structure is designated PS-C10.

A RNAi agent comprising a first strand and a second strand, wherein each strand is an 18-mer and together the first and second strand form a blunt-ended duplex, and wherein the 3′ end of the first and/or second strand terminates in a PS and further comprises a 3′ end cap, wherein the 3′ end cap is C12. This structure is designated PS-C12.

A RNAi agent comprising a first strand and a second strand, wherein each strand is an 18-mer and together the first and second strand form a blunt-ended duplex, and wherein the 3′ end of the first and/or second strand terminates in a PS and further comprises a 3′ end cap, wherein the 3′ end cap is BP. This structure is designated PS-BP.

These structures and formats can be used, for example, to produce HBV RNAi agents.

Definitions

For convenience, the meaning of certain terms and phrases used in the specification, examples, and appended claims, are provided below. If there is an apparent discrepancy between the usage of a term in other parts of this specification and its definition provided in this section, the definition in this section shall prevail.

“Alkyl” is a monovalent saturated hydrocarbon chain having the specified number of carbon atoms. For example, C₁₋₆ alkyl refers to an alkyl group having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms. Alkyl groups may be straight or branched. Representative branched alkyl groups have one, two, or three branches. Examples of alkyl groups include, but are not limited to, methyl, ethyl, propyl (n-propyl and isopropyl), butyl (n-butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, and t-butyl), pentyl (n-pentyl, isopentyl, and neopentyl), and hexyl.

“Aryl” is a hydrocarbon ring system having an aromatic ring. Aryl groups are monocyclic ring systems or bicyclic ring systems. Monocyclic aryl ring refers to phenyl. Bicyclic aryl rings refer to naphthyl and to rings wherein phenyl is fused to a C₅₋₇ cycloalkyl or C₅₋₇ cycloalkenyl ring as defined herein.

RNA Interference

As used herein, “RNA interference” (RNAi) is a post-transcriptional, targeted gene-silencing technique that uses a RNAi agent to degrade messenger RNA (mRNA) containing a sequence which is the same as or very similar to the RNAi agent. See: Zamore and Haley, 2005, Science, 309, 1519-1524; Zamore et al., 2000, Cell, 101, 25-33; Elbashir et al., 2001, Nature, 411, 494-498; and Kreutzer et al., PCT Publication WO 00/44895; Fire, PCT Publication WO 99/32619; Mello and Fire, PCT Publication WO 01/29058; and the like. The process of RNAi occurs naturally when long dsRNA is introduced into a cell and cleaved by ribonuclease III (Dicer) into shorter fragments called siRNAs. Naturally produced siRNAs are typically about 21 nucleotides long and comprise about 19 base pair duplexes with two 2-nt overhangs (the “canonical” structure). One strand of the siRNA is incorporated into the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC). This strand (known as the anti-sense or guide strand strand) guides RISC to a complementary mRNA. One or more nucleases in the RISC then mediates cleavage of the target mRNA to induce silencing. Cleavage of the target RNA takes place in the middle of the region complementary to the anti-sense strand. See: Nykanen, et al. 2001 Cell 107:309; Sharp et al. 2001 Genes Dev. 15:485; Bernstein, et al. 2001 Nature 409:363; Elbashir, et al. 2001 Genes Dev. 15:188.

As used herein, the term “RNAi agent” encompasses siRNAs (including but not limited to those of the “canonical” structure or 18-mer format), in addition to various natural and artificial structures capable of mediating RNA interference. As detailed below, RNAi agents can be longer or shorter than the canonical, and/or blunt-ended, and/or comprise one or more modification, mismatch, gap, and/or nucleotide replacement. The 3′ end caps of the present disclosure can be used with any RNAi agent and can allow two functions: (1) allowing RNA interference; and (2) increasing duration of activity and/or biological half-life, which may be accomplished, for example, by increased binding to the PAZ domain of Dicer and/or reducing or preventing degradation of the RNAi agent (e.g., by nucleases such as those in the serum or intestinal fluid).

The RNAi agent(s) of the present disclosure target (e.g., bind to, anneal to, etc.) the target mRNA. The use of the RNAi agent to the target results in a decrease of target activity, level and/or expression, e.g., a “knock-down” or “knock-out” of the target gene or target sequence. Particularly, in one embodiment, in the case of a disease state characterized by over-expression or hyper-activity of target gene, administration of a RNAi agent to target gene knocks down the target gene target enough to restore a normal level of target gene activity.

A suitable RNAi agent can be selected by any process known in the art or conceivable by one of ordinary skill in the art. For example, the selection criteria can include one or more of the following steps: initial analysis of the target gene sequence and design of RNAi agents; this design can take into consideration sequence similarity across species (human, cynomolgus, mouse, etc.) and dissimilarity to other (non-target gene) genes; screening of RNAi agents in vitro (e.g., at 10 nM in cells); determination of EC50 in cells; determination of viability of cells treated with RNAi agents, including insensitive cells which do not require target gene for survival, or sensitive cells, which do require target gene for survival; testing with human PBMC (peripheral blood mononuclear cells), e.g., to test levels of TNF-alpha to estimate immunogenicity, wherein immunostimulatory sequences are less desired; testing in human whole blood assay, wherein fresh human blood is treated with an RNAi agent and cytokine/chemokine levels are determined [e.g., TNF-alpha (tumor necrosis factor-alpha) and/or MCP1 (monocyte chemotactic protein 1)], wherein Immunostimulatory sequences are less desired; determination of gene knockdown in vivo using subcutaneous tumors in test animals; target gene target gene modulation analysis, e.g., using a pharmacodynamic (PD) marker, for example, other factors whose expression is affected by target gene, wherein target gene knockdown leads to a dose-dependent reduction of abundance of those components; and optimization of specific modifications of the RNAi agents.

-   -   RNAi agents comprising a 3′ end cap described herein are thus         useful in RNA interference of target gene.

It is known in the art that naked siRNA (lacking a suitable 3′ end cap, such as those disclosed herein) has a short duration of activity in vivo; it is rapidly degraded by nucleases in serum, often with a half-life of minutes. Layzer et al. 2004 RNA 10: 766-771; Choung et al. 2006 Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 342: 919-927; and Sato et al. 2007 J. Control. Rel. 122: 209-216. Many 3′ end caps previously described do not both allow RNA interference and either protect the molecules from nucleases or extend time of duration.

RNAi agents comprising 3′ end caps disclosed herein mediate these activities.

Non-limiting examples of RNAi agent structures suitable for use with the disclosed 3′ end caps are described below.

Structure of a RNAi Agent: Antisense Strand and Sense Strand of Various (Optional) 5′ End Caps, (Optional) Modifications; (Optional) Patterns of Modification.

RNAi agents mediate RNA interference and comprise a first strand and a second strand, e.g., a sense strand and an antisense strand (or an antisense and a sense strand), wherein the strands are optionally primarily RNA (optionally wherein one or more nucleotides are replaced and/or modified), (optionally) further comprising one or two overhangs, and (optionally) one or two 5′ end caps, wherein the optional modifications can optionally be in various patterns of modification. RNAi agents of the present disclosure comprise a 3′ end cap on either the sense and/or anti-sense strand.

Anti-Sense and Sense Strands

The term “antisense strand” (AS), as used herein, refers to the strand of a RNAi agent which includes a region that is fully or substantially complementary to a target sequence. The “antisense strand” is sometimes termed the “guide” strand. As used herein, the term “region of complementarity” refers to the region on the antisense strand that is fully or substantially complementary to a target mRNA sequence. Where the region of complementarity is not fully complementary to the target sequence, the mismatches may be in the internal or terminal regions of the molecule. Generally, the most tolerated mismatches are in the terminal regions, e.g., within 5, 4, 3, or 2 nucleotides of the 5′ and/or 3′ terminus. The portion of antisense strand most sensitive to mismatches is termed the “seed region”.

The term “sense strand” (S), as used herein, refers to the strand of a RNAi agent that includes a region that is substantially complementary to a region of the antisense strand as that term is defined herein. The “sense” strand is sometimes termed the “passenger” or “anti-guide” strand. By their sequences, the antisense strand targets the desired mRNA, while the sense strands targets a different target. Thus, if the antisense strand is incorporated into RISC, the correct target is targeted. Incorporation of the sense strand can lead to off-target effects. These off-target effects can be limited by use of modifications, or use of 5′ end caps on the sense strand, as described below.

The sequence of a gene may vary from individual to individual, especially at wobble positions within the coding segment, or in the untranslated region; individuals may also differ from each other in coding sequence, resulting in additional differences in mRNA. The sequence of the sense and antisense strands of the RNAi agent can thus be tailored to correspond to that of an individual patient, if and where needed. RNAi agents can also be modified in sequence to reduce immunogenicity, binding to undesired mRNAs (e.g., “off-target effects”) or to increase stability in the blood. These sequence variants are independent of chemical modification of the bases or 5′ or 3′ or other end-caps of the RNAi agents.

(Optional) 5′ End Cap(s)

A “5′ cap” can be optionally attached at the 5′ end of the sense or antisense strand of a HBV RNAi agent. The functions of the antisense and strands differ, as do the structural requirements of the 5′ ends of these strands. A 5′ end cap on the antisense strand should not interfere with RNAi activity mediated by this strand; however, in some embodiments, the 5′ end cap on the sense strand can interfere with RNAi activity mediated by the sense strand. Either strand can be loaded into RISC, but only the antisense strand targets the desired target. Loading of the sense strand can lead to off-target effects, e.g., RNA interference of an undesired target. Jackson et al. 2003 Nat. Biotech. 21: 635-637

In the case of the antisense strand: the 5′ end cap should not interfere with RNAi activity of this strand, but can provide at least some protection (e.g., from nucleases such as those in serum or intestinal fluid). A 5′-phosphate on the guide strand is generally required for optimal RNAi activity. A 5′ dT modification provides antisense strand stability and increases potency. Blocking of phosphorylation leads to decreased activity. In contrast, 1 to 3 ribonucleotides added to the 5′ end improved inhibition. Morrissey et al. 2005 Nat. Biotech. 23: 1002-1007. Some of the molecular interactions of the antisense strand 5′ end with the Argonaute-2 (Ago2) component of RISC have been elucidated. Parker et al. 2005. Nature 434: 663-666; and Frank et al. 2010 Nature 465: 818-822.

In contrast, in the case of the sense strand: a 5′ end cap that inhibits RNA interference can be useful on this strand. As noted above, a 5′-phosphate is generally required for optimal RNAi activity. Removal of the 5′-OH group is the simplest approach to prevent phosphorylation of the sense strand. 2′-O-methyl modification of position 1 further dampens sense strand activity. 2′-MOE modification might be even more effective. FIG. 17E shows various building blocks (I, II, III and IV) for construction of RNAi agents with a 5′ end cap. Synthesis of these building blocks is provided in FIGS. 17G, 17H and 17I.

Capping of sense strands with 5′-deoxy-2′-O-methyl modification effectively prevents sense strand activity, as illustrated by HAMP RNAi agents shown in FIG. 17A and data shown in FIG. 17B. Sense strand activity is also lowered by current lead stem chemistry (A107→A107*).

Example 5′ end caps thus include: ddT, 5′-OME-dT and 5′-OTr-dT (diagrammed in FIG. 17C).

2′,5′-dideoxythymidine at the 5′-end of the guide strand reduces siRNA activity in a dose-dependent manner. 2′,5′-dideoxythymidine is equivalent to 5′-O-methyl-deoxythymidine with respect to inactivation potency, but more readily synthesized. To more completely inactivate the sense strand, two simultaneous modifications maybe required, e.g. removal or blocking of the 5′-OH group combined with a 2′-modification which is not tolerated in position 1 of the guide strand (e.g. 2′-O-MOE or 2′-OMe).

Thus, the RNAi agent can comprise a 5′ end cap on the sense strand, wherein the 5′ end cap reduces RNAi activity of the sense strand. Such a 5′ end cap is not present on the antisense strand. In various embodiments, the 5′ end cap can comprise: a nucleotide which lacks a 5′ phosphate or 5′-OH; a nucleotide which lacks a 5′ phosphate or a 5′-OH and also comprises a 2′-OMe or 2′-MOE modification; 5′-deoxy-2′-O-methyl modification; 5′-OME-dT; ddT; and 5′-OTr-dT.

In addition to 5′ end caps, other modifications or sets of modifications can be used to reduce activity of the sense strand. As a non-limiting example, 2′-MOE modifications can be used at multiple positions in the sense strand to create an active RNAi agent, but highly increasing the number of 2′-MOE modifications can inactivate the sense strand. A sense strand wherein half or more of the positions are 2′-MOE is generally inactive. A sense strand wherein all the positions are 2′-MOE is inactive.

In one embodiment, the sense strand can comprise one or more morpholinos to reduce its activity.

The 3′ end caps of the present disclosure can be used with any HBV RNAi agent comprising a 5′ end cap on the sense strand and/or any modification or set of modifications which reduces activity of the sense strand.

(Optional) Additional Nucleotide Replacements and/or Modifications

The strands of a HBV RNAi agent can generally comprise RNA molecules as expressed or found in nature (i.e., are naturally occurring), but also non-naturally occurring analogs and derivatives of nucleotides comprising one or more ribonucleotide/ribonucleoside analogs or derivatives as described herein or as known in the art.

In some of the positions, the RNA nucleotides can be replaced by DNA, or a nucleotide of a different backbone, or PNA, LNA, Morpholino, TNA, GNA, ANA, HNA, CeNA, FANA, and/or UNA; and/or modified (including, but not limited to, 2′-MOE, 2′-OMe, 2′-F, and 2′-H). In some embodiments, the replacement or substitution of RNA with DNA, or a nucleotide of a different backbone, or PNA, LNA, Morpholino, TNA, GNA, ANA, HNA, CeNA, FANA can be considered a “modification”. In various embodiments, the RNAi agent can comprise one or more LNA which are at 5′ end and/or at 3′ end (e.g., positions 18 and 19 in a 19-mer or positions 17 and 18 in an 18-mer), and/or in the middle of a strand.

In some embodiments, the nucleotide replacements are in the last two base-pairing nt (counting from 5′ to 3′), forming a clamp. A clamp includes without limitation a 2′-MOE clamp [wherein the last two base-pairing nt (counting from 5′ to 3′) each have a 2′-MOE modification]. Other variants of the clamp are possible, wherein, for example, wherein the last two base-pairing nt (counting from 5′ to 3′) each are DNA, 2′-OMe, 2′-F or LNA, as shown in FIG. 20 C-E. It is noted that the last two nt (counting from 5′ to 3′) can also be considered to be the first two base-pairing nucleotides at the 3′ end of each strand (counting from 3′ to 5′). As shown herein and in U.S. Pat. No. 8,084,600, the clamp can be on the antisense and/or sense strands.

Thus, while the nucleotides in each strand are generally RNA (meaning that most of the nucleotides are RNA), some may be replaced by DNA or nucleotides of an alternative backbone such as peptide nucleic acids (PNA), locked nucleic acid (LNA), Morpholino, threose nucleic acid (TNA), glycol nucleic acid (GNA), arabinose nucleic acid (ANA), 2′-fl uoroarabinose nucleic acid (FANA), cyclohexene nucleic acid (CeNA), and/or anhydrohexitol nucleic acid (HNA). In some embodiments, only 1 or 2 or 3 nt in one or both strands are replaced. In some embodiments, only about 1-3 nt in one or both strands are replaced by DNA. Non-limiting examples of this are shown in FIGS. 15B and 17A.

The RNA nucleotides in either strand can thus be replaced and/or modified.

The RNA can be modified in the nucleobase structure or in the ribose-phosphate backbone structure. However, in most embodiments, the molecules comprising ribonucleoside analogs or derivatives retains the ability to form a duplex. As non-limiting examples, an RNA molecule can also include at least one modified ribonucleoside, including but not limited to a 2′-O-methyl modified nucleotide, a nucleoside comprising a 5′ phosphorothioate group, a terminal nucleoside linked to a cholesteryl derivative or dodecanoic acid bisdecylamide group, a locked nucleoside, an abasic nucleoside, a 2′-deoxy-2′-fluoro modified nucleoside, a 2′-amino-modified nucleoside, 2′-alkyl-modified nucleoside, morpholino nucleoside, an unlocked ribonucleotide (e.g., an acyclic nucleotide monomer, as described in WO 2008/147824), a phosphoramidate or a non-natural base comprising nucleoside, or any combination thereof. Alternatively, an RNA molecule can comprise at least two modified ribonucleosides, at least 3, at least 4, at least 5, at least 6, at least 7, at least 8, at least 9, at least 10, at least 15, up to the entire length of the dsRNA molecule. The modifications need not be the same for each of such a plurality of modified ribonucleosides in an RNA molecule. In one embodiment, modified RNAs contemplated for use in methods and compositions described herein comprise a 3′ end cap as disclosed herein and have the ability to form the required duplex structure and that permit or mediate the specific degradation of a target RNA via a RISC pathway.

Examples of modified nucleotides which can be used to generate the RNAi agent include 5-fluorouracil, 5-bromouracil, 5-chlorouracil, 5-iodouracil, hypoxanthine, xantine, 4-acetylcytosine, 5-(carboxyhydroxylmethyl) uracil, 5-carboxymethylaminomethyl-2-thiouridine, 5-carboxymethylaminomethyluracil, dihydrouracil, beta-D-galactosylqueosine, inosine, N6-isopentenyladenine, 1-methylguanine, 1-methylinosine, 2,2-dimethylguanine, 2-methyladenine, 2-methylguanine, 3-methylcytosine, 5-methylcytosine, N6-adenine, 7-methylguanine, 5-methylaminomethyluracil, 5-methoxyaminomethyl-2-thiouracil, beta-D-mannosylqueosine, 5′-methoxycarboxymethyluracil, 5-methoxyuracil, 2-methylthio-N6-isopentenyladenine, uracil-5-oxyacetic acid (v), wybutoxosine, pseudouracil, queosine, 2-thiocytosine, 5-methyl-2-thiouracil, 2-thiouracil, 4-thiouracil, 5-methyluracil, uracil-5-oxyacetic acid methylester, uracil-5-oxyacetic acid (v), 5-methyl-2-thiouracil, 3-(3-amino-3-N-2-carboxypropyl) uracil, (acp3)w, and 2,6-diaminopurine.

A “modified variant” of a sequence disclosed herein includes any variant comprising the same sequence, but with a modification in the base, sugar, phosphate or backbone (but not a base substitution, e.g., A for G, or C for U). Thus, a modified variant can comprise any modified nucleotide described above (e.g., 5-fluorouracil, 5-bromouracil, 5-chlorouracil, 5-iodouracil, hypoxanthine, xantine, 4-acetylcytosine, 5-(carboxyhydroxylmethyl) uracil, etc.). When a base is replaced by a corresponding modified base (e.g., A for modified A), these modified nucleotides do not constitute a mismatch or base difference. Thus a given sequence with a U at a particular position and a modified variant comprising a 5-fluorouracil, 5-bromouracil, 5-chlorouracil, or 5-iodouracil at the same sequence would differ by 0 nt (or have no mismatches); however, a given sequence with a C at a particular position and a different sequence with a 5-fluorouracil (wherein the two sequences are otherwise identical) would differ by 1 nt (1 mismatch).

In some embodiments, the RNAi agent according to the present invention confers a high in vivo stability by including a 3′ end cap and at least one modified nucleotide in at least one of the strands. Thus the RNAi agent according to the present invention preferably contains at least one modified or non-natural ribonucleotide. A lengthy description of many known chemical modifications are set out in published PCT patent application WO 200370918 and will not be repeated here. Suitable modifications for oral delivery are more specifically set out in the Examples and description herein. Suitable modifications include, but are not limited to modifications to the sugar moiety (i.e. the 2′ position of the sugar moiety, such as for instance 2′-O-(2-methoxyethyl) or 2′-MOE) (Martin et al., Helv. Chim. Acta, 1995, 78, 486-504) i.e., an alkoxyalkoxy group) or the base moiety (i.e. a non-natural or modified base which maintains ability to pair with another specific base in an alternate nucleotide chain).

Other modifications include so-called ‘backbone’ modifications including, but not limited to, replacing the phosphoester group (connecting adjacent ribonucleotides with for instance phosphorothioates, chiral phosphorothioates or phosphorodithioates). In various embodiments, one or more phosphate group is replaced with:

In various additional embodiments, one or more phosphate group is replaced by:

where R³ is selected from O⁻, S⁻, NH₂, BH₃, CH₃, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl, C₁₋₆ alkoxy and C₆₋₁₀ aryl-oxy, wherein C₁₋₆ alkyl and C₆₋₁₀ aryl are unsubstituted or optionally independently substituted with 1 to 3 groups independently selected from halo, hydroxyl and NH₂; and R⁴ is selected from O, S, NH, or CH₂. Some of these replacement phosphate groups are also shown in FIG. 18C.

In various embodiments, in the modified nucleoside linker, the phosphate of the phosphate group is replaced by arsenic (As), selenium (Se), or antimony (Sb). In one embodiment, the spacer is ribitol and no phosphate groups are replaced. In various embodiments, in the modified nucleoside linker, the phosphate group is replaced by a sulfonamide group or a cyano group or carboxamide. In various embodiments, in the modified nucleoside linker, the phosphate group is replaced by an arsenic, selenium, antimony or sulfonamide group or a cyano group or carboxamide. In various embodiments, in the modified nucleoside linker, the phosphate group is replaced by an arsenic, selenium, antimony or sulfonamide group or a cyano group or carboxamide.

W=O, S, NH, CH₂, . . . X₁, X₂=O⁻, S⁻, NH₂, BH₃ ⁻, CH₃, alkyl, aryl, O-alkyl, O-aryl, . . . Y=O, S, NH, CH₂, . . . Z=C, Si, P, S, As, Se, Sb, Te, . . . R1=H, OH, F, NH₂, O-alkyl, O-aryl, O-alkyl-aryl, O-aryl-alkyl, NH-alkyl, N-dialkyl, . . . R2=alkyl, aryl, alkyl-aryl, aryl-alkyl, . . . (PAZ ligand) BASE=H, adenine, cytosine, guanine, uracil, thymine, . . .

Thus, the nucleotides of either or both strands of a HBV RNAi agent can be replaced and/or modified.

(Optional) Patterns of Modifications

In some cases of modifying the nucleotides of a RNAi agent, the modifications are not random, but are arrayed in patterns. These patterns (or schemes) increase the efficacy (RNAi activity), decrease activity of the sense strand or otherwise decrease off-target effects, reduce degradation or immunogenicity, and/or increase the biological half-life (e.g., time of duration of activity) of the RNAi agent.

In one pattern of modification, multiple positions of the sense strand are 2′-MOE. As a non-limiting example, most or all of the pyrimidines are 2′MOE in the sense strand. Modifying more than half of the positions in a sense strand with 2′-MOE can decrease activity. When all the positions of the sense strand are 2′-MOE often abolishes activity.

Various patterns of modifications are known in the art or are shown in, for example, FIG. 12.

Many modification patterns include a MOE clamp (wherein the last two base-pairing nucleotides counting from 5′ to 3′ have 2′-MOE modifications). The last two nt counting from 5′ to 3′ can also be considered to be the first two base-pairing nucleotides at the 3′ end of each strand (counting from 3′ to 5′).

FIG. 15B (top) shows a “wt” (“wild-type”) siRNA and a corresponding non-limiting example modification scheme of this siRNA. The example modified siRNA has 2′-OMe and phosphorothioate (s).

FIG. 12 (bottom) shows non-limiting examples of modification schemes for the canonical 21-mer siRNA, and for the 18- or 19-mer formats. In these schemes, “L” indicates the 3′ end cap (e.g., a PAZ Ligand). In other cases, “L” indicates, in 5′ to 3′ order, a spacer, a phosphate or modified internucleoside linker, and a 3′ end cap.

In various other modification patterns, the RNAi agent comprises at least one 5′-uridine-adenine-3′ (5′-ua-3′) dinucleotide, wherein the uridine is a 2′-modified nucleotide; at least one 5′-uridine-guanine-3′ (5′-ug-3′) dinucleotide, wherein the 5′-uridine is a 2′-modified nucleotide; at least one 5′-cytidine-adenine-3′ (5′-ca-3′) dinucleotide, wherein the 5′-cytidine is a 2′-modified nucleotide; and/or at least one 5′-uridine-uridine-3′ (5′-uu-3′) dinucleotide, wherein the 5′-uridine is a 2′-modified nucleotide.

Other patterns of modifications can be used with any RNAi agent comprising a 3′ end cap as disclosed herein.

Particularly preferred modification patterns include but are not limited to:

All 3′ overhangs as 2′-OMe-U 2′-OMe-U

A85: All U as 2′-OMe-U, except pos. 1, 2 and 14

S26: All U as 2′-OMe-U and all C as 2′-OMe-C

A51: All U as 2′-OMe-U and all C as 2′-OMe-C, except pos. 1, 2 and 14

S26: All U as 2′-OMe-U and all C as 2′-OMe-C

A48: UA as 2′-OMe-U A and all CA as 2′-OMe-C A, first 5′-N is DNA

S26: All U as 2′-OMe-U and all C as 2′-OMe-C

The 3′ end caps disclosed herein can thus be used with any RNAi agent, wherein at least one nucleotide of at least one strand of the RNAi agent has been replaced and/or modified, and wherein the modification(s) of the nucleotide(s) can be arrayed in a pattern(s) of modification.

In various patterns of modification, the pattern comprises a 2′-MOE clamp [wherein the last two base-pairing nt (counting from 5′ to 3′) each have a 2′-MOE modification]. Other variants of the clamp are possible, wherein, for example, wherein the last two base-pairing nt (counting from 5′ to 3′) each are DNA, 2′-OMe, 2′-F or LNA, as shown in FIG. 20 C-E. It is noted that the last two nt (counting from 5′ to 3′) can also be considered to be the first two base-pairing nucleotides at the 3′ end of each strand (counting from 3′ to 5′). As shown herein and in U.S. Pat. No. 8,084,600, the clamp can be on the antisense and/or sense strands.

Any embodiments of any RNAi agent described herein can be combined with any other embodiment, provided that the embodiments are not mutually exclusive (e.g., a single RNAi agent cannot simultaneously have both exactly 0 and exactly 2 overhangs).

Thus, the 3′ end caps disclosed herein can be used with any RNAi agent as described herein or as known in the art, wherein the strands of the RNAi agent can comprise 0, 1, or 2 overhangs or 0, 1 or 2 blunt ends, one or more nucleotides of one or both stands can be replaced or modified, and the modification(s) can be arrayed in a pattern(s) or scheme(s) of modification, and the antisense and/or sense strand can comprise a 5′ end cap, wherein the 5′ end cap of the sense strand (if present) reduces RNA interference activity mediated by the sense strand.

The HBV RNAi agents can have any modification or modification format disclosed herein or known in the art.

Additional RNAi Agents

In additional to the structures listed above, additional types of molecules have been devised which are also capable of mediating RNA interference. In these structures, the strands are not necessarily RNA, and the strands can be can be longer or shorter than the canonical, and/or blunt-ended, and/or comprise one or more modification, mismatch, gap, and/or nucleotide replacement.

The term “RNAi agent” is intended to encompass any molecule described herein or known in the art capable of mediating RNA interference, including, without limitation, siRNA (whether of canonical, 18-mer format, or other structure), or any other molecule capable of mediating RNA interference. The 3′ end caps described herein can be used with any RNAi agent.

Thus, the 3′ end caps disclosed herein can be used on any RNAi agent (including siRNA) or on any other RNAi agent, including, inter alia, and without limitation:

shRNA (small hairpin RNA or short hairpin RNA), which comprises a sequence of RNA that makes a tight hairpin turn and, like siRNAs, silences targets via RISC. The antisense and sense strand are thus connected by a hairpin. shRNAs can be expressed, for example, via delivery of plasmids or through viral or bacterial vectors. Various varieties of shRNAs are known in the art. See, for example: Xiang et al. 2006. Nature Biotech. 24: 697-702; Macrae et al. 2006 Science 311: 195-8. Lombardo et al. 2007. Nature Biotech. 25: 1298-1306; Wang et al. 2011. Pharm. Res. 28: 2983-2995; Senzer et al. 2011. Mol. Ther. 20: 679-686.

miRNA (microRNA), which is a small RNA molecule (ca. 22 nt) that, like siRNAs, also silences targets via RISC. Naturally-occurring miRNAs are encoded by eukaryotic nuclear DNA; miRNAs are generated by post-transcriptional RNA processing, and function via base-pairing with complementary sequences within mRNA molecules, usually resulting in translational repression or target degradation and gene silencing. The human genome can encode over 1000 miRNAs, which may target about 60% of mammalian genes and are abundant in many human cell types. Various varieties of naturally-occurring and artificial derivatives of miRNAs are known in the art. See, for example: Lewis et al. 2003. Cell 115: 787-798; Lim et al. 2003. Genes Dev. 17: 991-1008; He et al. 2004. Nat. Rev. Genet. 5: 522-31; Bentwich et al. 2005. Nat. Genet. 37: 766-70; Lewis et al. 2005. Cell 120: 15-20; Kusenda et al. 2006. Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub 150: 205-15; Zhang et al. 2006. J. Gen. Gen. 36: 1-6; Brodersen et al. 2008. Science 320: 1185-90; Friedman et al. 2009. Genome Res. 19 (1): 92-105; Bartel 2009. Cell 136 (2): 215-33.

sisiRNA (small internally segmented interfering RNA), wherein the sense strand comprises at least one single-stranded nick. This nick decreases the incorporation of the sense strand into the RISC complex and thus reduces off-target effects. See: WO 2007/107162.

DNA-RNA chimera, wherein the seed portion of each strand is DNA, while the remainder of each strand is RNA. See: Yamato et al. 2011. Cancer Gene Ther. 18: 587-597.

siRNA comprising two mismatches, wherein that the molecule comprises three short double-stranded regions. In one embodiment of this RNAi agent, the guide (antisense) strand is a 22-mer, while the sense strand is a 20-mer (producing only a single 2-nt overhang on the 3′ end of the anti-sense strand; and two mismatches produce double-stranded regions of 6, 8 and 4 bp. See: U.S. Pat. App. 2009/0209626

aiRNA (assymetrical interfering RNA), wherein the sense strand is shorter than 19-nt long, so that the anti-sense strand is preferentially loaded into RISC, and thus off-target effects are reduced. In various embodiments of this RNAi agent, the anti-sense strand is 21-nt long, but the sense strand is only 15 or 16 nt long. See: Sun et al. 2008 Nature Biotech. 26: 1379-1382; and Chu and Rana. 2008 RNA 14: 1714-1719.

Thus, any HBV RNAi agent sequence (or 18-mer portion thereof, e.g., nt 1-18 or 2-19) disclosed herein can be used with any of the various formats of RNAi agents described above or otherwise known in the art, including siRNAs (including but not limited to those of the canonical structure), shRNAs, miRNAs, sisiRNAs, DNA-RNA chimeras, siRNAs comprising two mismatches (or more mismatches), or aiRNAs.

3′ End Caps

The 18-mer format RNAi agent of the present disclosure comprises a 3′ end cap. The terms “3′ end cap”, “3′ end cap modification”, “end cap”, “Cap”, “3′ end modification” and the like include a chemical moiety attached to the end of a double-stranded nucleotide duplex, but is used herein to exclude a chemical moiety that is a nucleotide or nucleoside. Any of these can be used with any HBV sequence disclosed herein to produce a HBV RNAi agent. A “3′ end cap” is attached at the 3′ end of a nucleotide or oligonucleotide (e.g., is a modification at the 3′ carbon at the terminus of at least one strand) and protects the molecule from degradation, e.g., from nucleases, such as those in blood serum or intestinal fluid. “3′ end caps” include but are not limited to “PAZ ligands,” which term includes 3′ end caps which interact with the PAZ domain of the enzyme Dicer. 3′ end caps are sometimes referred to as “non-nucleotide overhang mimics” or “LMW [Low molecular weight] mimics of dinucleotide overhangs” or the like.

This disclosure notes that some documents refer to a 3′ end cap as described herein (e.g., X109 or X110 or X111, etc.) as an “overhang” or a “3′ overhang”; however, this document differentiates a 3′ end cap from an “overhang” and uses the term “overhang” only to refer to a nucleotidic overhang (e.g., one comprising only nucleotides such as A, C, G, U or T, such as UU or TT). Thus, as defined herein, a “3′ end cap” is not an overhang.

As defined herein, a 3′ end cap can be used in place of or in addition to an overhang (i.e., a nucleotidic overhang). Earlier work with canonical siRNA structures suggested that the 2-nt overhang was useful for RNA interference activity, while blunt-ended dsRNAs (lacking the overhangs) were generally not effective. See, for example, Elbashir et al. 2001 EMBO J. 23: 6877-6888, especially FIG. 1F. However, dsRNA, even with the overhangs, were subject to enzymatic degradation. As noted elsewhere by the Applicants, “unmodified siRNAs are subject to enzymatic digestion, mainly by nucleases.” (WO 2007/128477, page 1). 3′ end caps were thus designed to perform several functions, including (1) allowing the molecule to mediate RNA interference activity, and (2) protecting the molecule from degradation.

It is noted, though, that the 3′ end caps disclosed herein can be used in addition to as well as in place of 3′ overhangs.

Because a 3′ end cap can be used instead of an overhang such as UU or TT, the 3′ end caps described herein are sometimes referred to as “3′-Dinucleotide surrogates”.

A few 3′ end caps have been disclosed for use with siRNAs. It is noted that of the 3′ end caps which have been described chemically, many of these have been shown not to be functional. A functional 3′ end cap can be able to perform these functions: (1) allow the double-stranded RNA to function in RNA interference; and (2) increase the stability of the molecule, e.g., by protecting it from nucleases, such as those found in blood serum or intestinal fluid.

Non-Functional 3′ End Caps

Many 3′ end caps described in the literature are unable to perform both of these functions. In some cases, the placement of the end caps is important; some end caps may be functional when placed on only one strand, but not functional if placed on both strands and/or on both 5′ and 3′ ends of both strands.

It is impossible to predict which 3′ end caps will perform both functions without experimentation. In fact, while many endcaps were predicted to be suitable for RNA interference (e.g., in US 2003/0143732), many later were discovered not to perform both functions.

Other scientists have empirically found that, despite predictions, some endcaps or overhangs (1) stabilized the siRNA but (2) did NOT allow RNAi activity. For example, the TT (dithymidine) in combination with 2′-OMe modifications at all positions, Czauderna et al. 2003 Nucl. Acids Res. 31:2705-2716, FIG. 4B. Hadwiger et al. also note that complete 2′-O-methylation rendered the siRNA serum nuclease-resistant, although gene silencing activity was almost completely abolished. Hadwiger et al. 2005, pages 194-206, in RNA Interference Technology, ed. K. Appasani, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.

Other endcaps or overhangs (1) did NOT stabilize the siRNA, though (2) they did allow RNAi activity. For example, the TT at both 3′ ends or both 5′ ends of a siRNA. Czauderna et al. 2003, FIG. 4B.

Still other endcaps (1) did NOT stabilize the siRNA AND (2) did NOT allow RNAi activitysuch examples include: the amino-C6 linker or inverted abasic nucleotide. Czauderna et al. 2003, FIG. 4B.

Additional examples of 3′ end caps which are non-functional under at least some conditions include:

Inverted (deoxy) abasics, which were neither stabilize siRNA nor allow siRNA activity when present on both 5′ and both 3′ ends. See: Czauderna et al. 2003 Nucl. Acids Res. 31:2705-2716, FIG. 4B.

Modified base nucleotides such as 5-propynyl-U, which do not both stabilize the siRNA and allow RNAi activity. Deleavey et al. 2009 Curr. Prot. Nucl. Acid Chem. 16.3.1-16.3.22; Terrazas et al. 2009 Nucleic Acids Res. 37: 346-353.

At least some amino-substituted lower alkyls, including aminohexyl phosphate, which was not able to stabilize the siRNA. When present on both 5′ ends and both 3′ ends, it prevented RNAi activity. See: Czauderna et al. 2003, FIG. 4B.

Fluoroscein (e.g., a fluorescent chromophore), which was found to inhibit RNA interference activity when conjugated to the 3′ end of the antisense strand. The sense strand can tolerate, for example, a conjugation of fluorescein at the 3′-end, but the antisense strand cannot. Harboth et al. 2003 Antisense Nucl. Acid Drug Dev. 13: 83-105. See: Harboth et al. 2003 Antisense Nucl. Acid Drug Dev 13: 83-105.

Cyanine (e.g., Cy5), which is non-functional. See: Song et al. 2003 Nature Med. 9: 347-351. See page 347, second col.

3′ phosphate as a 3′ end cap, suggested by U.S. Pat. No. 5,998,203 (paragraph [017]), but later shown not to both stabilize the 3′ end of a siRNA and allow RNAi activity, Schwarz et al. 2002 Mol. Cell 10: 537-548; and Lipardi et al. 2001 Cell 107: 299-307.

3′-aminopropylphosphoester, which reduced RNA interference activity. See: Schwarz et al. 2002 Mol. Cell 10: 537-548, FIG. 2.

Thus, not all moieties tested as 3′ end caps are capable of both allowing RNA interference and protecting the molecule from degradation.

Functional 3′ End Caps

In contrast to the non-functional 3′ end caps and overhangs described above, functional 3′ end caps are described in, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 8,097,716; 8,084,600; 8,344,128; 8,404,831; and 8,404,832. These disclose functional 3′ end caps comprising a phosphate and nicknamed as C3, C6, C12, Triethylene glycol, Cyclohexyl (or Cyclohex), Phenyl, Biphenyl, Adamantane and Lithocholic acid (or Lithochol).

These functional 3′ end caps are diagrammed below, wherein they are shown bonded to a phosphate:

It is noted that the terminology used in the present disclosure differs slightly from that used in U.S. Pat. Nos. 8,097,716; 8,084,600; 8,344,128; 8,404,831; and 8,404,832. In various embodiments, the present disclosure pertains to RNAi agents comprising a first strand and a second strand, wherein, in some embodiments, the 3′ end of the first and/or second strand terminates in a phosphate (or modified internucleoside linker) and further comprises a 3′ end cap. In the diagrams directly above, the phosphate and the 3′ end cap are shown.

The 3′ end caps disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 8,097,716; 8,084,600; 8,344,128; 8,404,831; and 8,404,832 were superior to those which were devised before them. For example, unlike other possible endcaps, these were able to both protect the siRNAs from degradation (e.g., from nucleases, such as in blood or intestinal fluid), and also allow RNA interference.

However, in at least some cases, many of the novel 3′ end caps of the present disclosure (e.g., those listed in Tables 1 and 2) are even further improved. For example, siRNAs with X058 (as disclosed herein) show a higher duration of activity than a siRNA with C6 (FIG. 22). HuR siRNAs with X058 showed greater efficacy at Day 7 and at Day 10 in Huh-7 cells.

Various novel 3′ end caps disclosed herein include those designated as PAZ ligands, as they interact with the PAZ domain of Dicer. Any functional 3′ end cap can be used to produce a HBV RNAi agent.

PAZ Ligands

As noted above, when a long dsRNA molecule is introduced into a cell, Dicer chops the dsRNA is shorter segments called siRNAs. A homologue of Dicer is common to all organisms in which dsRNA-mediated gene silencing has been observed. Myers et al. 2005. In RNA Interference Technology, ed. Appasani, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge UK, p. 29-54; Bernstein et al. 2001 Nature 409: 363-366; and Schauer et al. 2002 Trends Plant Sci. 7: 487-491. Dicer is an RNase III enzyme and is composed of six recognizable domains. At or near the N-terminus is an approx. 550 aa DExH-box RNA helicase domain, which is immediately followed by a conserved approx. 100 aa domain called DUF283. Just C-terminal to DUF283 domain is the PAZ (for Piwi/Argonaute/Zwille) domain. The domain recognizes single stranded dinucleotide overhangs. Lingel et al. 2003 Nature 426: 465-469; Song et al. 2003 Nature Struct. Biol. 10: 1026-1032; Yan et al. 2003 Nature 426: 468-474; Lingel et al. 2004 Nature Struct. Mol. Biol. 11: 576-577; Ma et al. 2004 Nature 429: 318-322. Presumably, the PAZ domain in Dicer could also bind RNA to position the catalytic domains for cleavage. Zhang et al. 2004 Cell 118: 57-68. The C-terminus of the Dicer protein is composed of two RNAse III catalytic domains and a putative dsRNA-binding domain.

Table 2 lists various 3′ end caps, including many PAZ ligands.

Arrangement and Non-Identical Nature of 3′ End Caps

The anti-sense and sense strands are biochemically distinct. As noted above, the antisense strand is preferably loaded into RISC, as this strand targets the desired target. Incorporation of the sense strand can lead to off-target effects.

It is known that some 3′ end caps can be more useful on one strand than on the other. For example, as noted above, The sense strand can tolerate, for example, a conjugation of fluorescein at the 3′-end, but the antisense strand cannot. Harboth et al. 2003 Antisense Nucl. Acid Drug Dev. 13: 83-105.

RNAi Agent Comprising an 18-Mer and a 3′ End Cap (but No Spacer or Second Phosphate or Modified Internucleoside Linker)

As described herein, this disclosure has established that a viable format for RNAi agents comprises an 18-mer strand, wherein the 3′ end of the 18-mer strand terminates in a phosphate or modified internucleoside linker and further comprises a spacer, a second phosphate or modified internucleoside linker, and a 3′ end cap.

In addition, this disclosure also indicates that effective 18-mer RNAi agent formats can omit up to two of these elements (e.g., omitting the 3′ end cap; or omitting the second phosphate or modified internucleoside linker and the 3′ end cap; or omitting the spacer and the second phosphate or modified internucleoside linker.

For example:

In some embodiments, the RNAi agent comprises a 18-mer strand terminating in a phosphate or modified internucleoside linker and further comprising a 3′ end cap (but no spacer, or phosphate or modified internucleoside linker). Thus: In some embodiments, the RNAi agent comprises an 18-mer strand, wherein the 3′ end of the 18-mer strand terminates in a phosphate or modified internucleoside linker and further comprises a 3′ end cap (e.g., BP or C6 or any 3′ end cap disclosed herein). For example, a variety of RNAI agents to SSB were constructed comprising: an 18-mer strand, wherein the 3′ end of the 18-mer strand terminates in a phosphate and further comprises a 3′ end cap (e.g., BP or C6).

In addition:

A RNAi agent to Factor VII comprising an 18-mer strand comprising a 3′ end cap (C6) was shown to be effective in mediating RNA interference in vitro.

In some embodiments, the RNAi agent comprises an 18-mer strand, wherein the 3′ end of the 18-mer strand terminates in a phosphate or modified internucleoside linker and further comprises a spacer (but no phosphate or modified internucleoside linker, or 3′ end cap).

Thus: In some embodiments, the RNAi agent comprises an 18-mer strand, wherein the 3′ end of the 18-mer strand terminates in a phosphate and further comprises a ribitol. It is noted in this case, the designation of the ribitol as a spacer (rather than a 3′ end cap) is purely arbitrary. Thus, the present disclosure also contemplates: a RNAi agent comprising an 18-mer strand, wherein the 3′ end of the 18-mer strand terminates in a phosphate and further comprises a 3′ end cap (e.g., a ribitol). Such a structure is shown in FIG. 19 (wherein it is designated “ribitol”).

For example, a variety of RNAI agents to SSB were constructed comprising: an 18-mer strand, wherein the 3′ end of the 18-mer strand terminates in a phosphate and further comprises a ribitol.

An RNAi agent targeting SSB was also constructing comprising an 18-mer strand, wherein the 3′ end of the 18-mer strand terminates in a phosphate and further comprises a 3′ end cap (C6). For several SSB RNAi agents, the 18-mer format (comprising a C6 as the 3′ end cap) was more effective at mediating RNA interference than the 21-mer (canonical structure).

An RNAi agent targeting PLK1 was also constructing comprising an 18-mer strand, wherein the 3′ end of the 18-mer strand terminates in a phosphate and further comprises a 3′ end cap (C6).

Any 3′ end cap described herein can be used with a RNAi agent comprising an 18-mer strand.

Thus, the present disclosure also contemplates:

A HBV RNAi agent comprising an 18-mer strand, wherein the 3′ end of the 18-mer strand terminates in a phosphate or modified internucleoside linker and further comprises a 3′ end cap, wherein the 3′ end cap is any 3′ end cap disclosed herein or known in the art.

Thus, the present disclosure also contemplates:

A HBV RNAi agent comprising a first and a second strand of any length (e.g., up to about 30 nt each), wherein the 3′ end of the first and/or second strand terminates in a phosphate or modified internucleoside linker and further comprises a 3′ end cap, wherein the 3′ end cap is any 3′ end cap disclosed herein or known in the art.

Pharmaceutical Compositions

Compositions comprising a HBV RNAi agent intended for oral use can be prepared according to any method known to the art for the manufacture of pharmaceutical compositions and such compositions can contain one or more such sweetening agents, flavoring agents, coloring agents or preservative agents in order to provide pharmaceutically elegant and palatable preparations. Tablets contain the active ingredient in admixture with non-toxic pharmaceutically acceptable excipients that are suitable for the manufacture of tablets. These excipients can be, for example, inert diluents; such as calcium carbonate, sodium carbonate, lactose, calcium phosphate or sodium phosphate; granulating and disintegrating agents, for example, corn starch, or alginic acid; binding agents, for example starch, gelatin or acacia; and lubricating agents, for example magnesium stearate, stearic acid or talc. The tablets can be uncoated or they can be coated by known techniques. Formulations for oral use can also be presented as hard gelatin capsules wherein the active ingredient is mixed with an inert solid diluent, for example, calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate or kaolin, or as soft gelatin capsules wherein the active ingredient is mixed with water or an oil medium, for example peanut oil, liquid paraffin or olive oil. Aqueous suspensions contain the active materials in a mixture with excipients suitable for the manufacture of aqueous suspensions.

Oral administration of the compositions of the invention include all standard techniques for administering substances directly to the stomach or gut, most importantly by patient controlled swallowing of the dosage form, but also by other mechanical and assisted means of such delivery.

Dosage levels of the order of from about 0.1 mg to about 140 mg per kilogram of body weight per day are useful in the treatment of the above-indicated conditions (about 0.5 mg to about 7 g per subject per day). The amount of active ingredient that can be combined with the carrier materials to produce a single dosage form varies depending upon the host treated and the particular mode of administration. Dosage unit forms generally contain between from about 1 mg to about 500 mg of an active ingredient. It is understood that the specific dose level for any particular subject depends upon a variety of factors including the activity of the specific compound employed, the age, body weight, general health, sex, diet, time of administration, route of administration, and rate of excretion, drug combination and the severity of the particular disease undergoing therapy.

Therapeutic effect of the therapeutic agents of the invention may be enhanced by combination with other agents. Typically such other agents will include agents known for use in treating similar diseases, such as angiogenic disorders.

The RNAi agents of the invention and formulations thereof can be administered orally, topically, parenterally, by inhalation or spray, or rectally in dosage unit formulations containing conventional non-toxic pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, adjuvants and/or vehicles. The term parenteral as used herein includes percutaneous, subcutaneous, intravascular (e.g., intravenous), intramuscular, intraperitoneal, or intrathecal injection, or infusion techniques and the like.

In various embodiments, the disclosure encompasses a composition or pharmaceutical composition comprising a HBV RNAi agent, wherein one or both strands comprises (a) a spacer, phosphate or modified internucleoside linker and 3′ end cap, or (b) a 3′ end cap, the composition further comprising a helper lipid, a neutral lipid, and/or a stealth lipid. Additional compositions that can be used for delivery of the various RNAi agents are known in the art, e.g., are provided in U.S. Applications No. 61/774,759; 61/918,175, filed Dec. 19, 2013; 61/918,927; 61/918,182; 61/918,941; 62/025,224; 62/046,487; and International Applications No. PCT/US04/042911; PCT/EP2010/070412; PCT/IB2014/059503.

In one particular specific embodiment, the present disclosure relates to a method of treating a target gene-related disease in an individual, comprising the step of administering to the individual a therapeutically effective amount of a composition comprising a RNAi agent comprising a first strand and a second strand, wherein the first and/or second strand comprise a 3′ end cap selected from the 3′ end caps listed in Table 2. In one particular specific embodiment, the present disclosure relates to a method of inhibiting the expression of target gene in an individual, comprising the step of administering to the individual a therapeutically effective amount of a composition comprising a RNAi agent of the present disclosure.

In one embodiment of the method, the composition further comprises a pharmaceutically effective formulation.

Various particular specific embodiments of these embodiments are described below.

In one embodiment, the method further comprises the administration of an additional treatment. In one embodiment, the additional treatment is a therapeutically effective amount of a composition.

In one embodiment, the additional treatment is a method (or procedure).

In one embodiment, the additional treatment and the RNAi agent can be administered in any order, or can be administered simultaneously.

In one embodiment, the method further comprises the step of administering an additional treatment for the disease.

In one embodiment, the method further comprises the step of administering an additional treatment or therapy selected from the list of an additional antagonist to a target gene-related disease.

In one embodiment, the composition comprises a second RNAi agent to target gene. In various embodiments, the second RNAi agent is physically separate from the first, or the two are physically connected (e.g., covalently linked or otherwise conjugated).

Other Embodiments

Various particular specific embodiments of this disclosure are described below.

In one embodiment, the disclosure pertains to a composition according to any of the embodiments described herein, for use in a method of treating a target gene-related disease in an individual, the method comprising the step of administering to the individual a therapeutically effective amount of a composition according to any of the claims.

One embodiment of the disclosure is the use of a composition according to any of these embodiments, in the manufacture of a medicament for treatment of an target gene-related disease.

In one embodiment, the disclosure pertains to the composition of any of the above embodiments, for use in the treatment of an target gene-related disease, e.g., HBV.

Additional Definitions

Unless defined otherwise, the technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as that usually understood by a specialist familiar with the field to which the present disclosure belongs.

Unless indicated otherwise, all methods, steps, techniques and manipulations that are not specifically described in detail can be performed and have been performed in a manner known per se, as will be clear to the skilled person. Reference is for example again made to the standard handbooks and the general background art mentioned herein and to the further references cited therein.

Claims to the present disclosure are non-limiting and are provided below.

Although particular embodiments and claims have been disclosed herein in detail, this has been done by way of example for purposes of illustration only, and is not intended to be limiting with respect to the scope of the appended claims, or the scope of subject matter of claims of any corresponding future application. In particular, it is contemplated by the inventors that various substitutions, alterations, and modifications may be made to the present disclosure without departing from the spirit and scope of the present disclosure as defined by the claims. The choice of nucleic acid starting material, clone of interest, or library type is believed to be a matter of routine for a person of ordinary skill in the art with knowledge of the embodiments described herein or known in the art. Other aspects, advantages, and modifications considered to be within the scope of the following claims. Redrafting of claim scope in later-filed corresponding applications may be due to limitations by the patent laws of various countries and should not be interpreted as giving up subject matter of the claims.

Various additional formulations and obvious variants of the described 3′ end caps can be devised by those of ordinary skill in the art. Non-limiting example RNAi agents wherein one or both strands comprises a 3′ end cap are described in the Examples below, which do not limit the scope of the present disclosure as described in the claims.

Other modifications known to one skilled in the art are contemplated as being encompassed within the invention. Exemplary modifications include, but are not limited to, the presence of gaps or mismatches between the base pairs in the sense and antisense strands, the presence of nicks or breaks in the internucleoside linkages in the sense strand, and the like.

Pharmaceutical Compositions

Compositions intended for oral use can be prepared according to any method known to the art for the manufacture of pharmaceutical compositions and such compositions can contain one or more such sweetening agents, flavoring agents, coloring agents or preservative agents in order to provide pharmaceutically elegant and palatable preparations. Tablets contain the active ingredient in admixture with non-toxic pharmaceutically acceptable excipients that are suitable for the manufacture of tablets. These excipients can be, for example, inert diluents; such as calcium carbonate, sodium carbonate, lactose, calcium phosphate or sodium phosphate; granulating and disintegrating agents, for example, corn starch, or alginic acid; binding agents, for example starch, gelatin or acacia; and lubricating agents, for example magnesium stearate, stearic acid or talc. The tablets can be uncoated or they can be coated by known techniques. Formulations for oral use can also be presented as hard gelatin capsules wherein the active ingredient is mixed with an inert solid diluent, for example, calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate or kaolin, or as soft gelatin capsules wherein the active ingredient is mixed with water or an oil medium, for example peanut oil, liquid paraffin or olive oil. Aqueous suspensions contain the active materials in a mixture with excipients suitable for the manufacture of aqueous suspensions.

Oral administration of the compositions of the invention include all standard techniques for administering substances directly to the stomach or gut, most importantly by patient controlled swallowing of the dosage form, but also by other mechanical and assisted means of such delivery.

Dosage levels of the order of from about 0.1 mg to about 140 mg per kilogram of body weight per day are useful in the treatment of the above-indicated conditions (about 0.5 mg to about 7 g per subject per day). The amount of active ingredient that can be combined with the carrier materials to produce a single dosage form varies depending upon the host treated and the particular mode of administration. Dosage unit forms generally contain between from about 1 mg to about 500 mg of an active ingredient. It is understood that the specific dose level for any particular subject depends upon a variety of factors including the activity of the specific compound employed, the age, body weight, general health, sex, diet, time of administration, route of administration, and rate of excretion, drug combination and the severity of the particular disease undergoing therapy.

Therapeutic effect of the therapeutic agents of the invention may be enhanced by combination with other agents. Typically such other agents will include agents known for use in treating similar diseases, such as angiogenic disorders.

The RNAi agents of the invention and formulations thereof can be administered orally, topically, parenterally, by inhalation or spray, or rectally in dosage unit formulations containing conventional non-toxic pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, adjuvants and/or vehicles. The term parenteral as used herein includes percutaneous, subcutaneous, intravascular (e.g., intravenous), intramuscular, intraperitoneal, or intrathecal injection, or infusion techniques and the like. Where two or more different RNAi agents are administered, each may be administered separately or co-administered. Where each is administered separately, the method and/or site of administration may be the same or different, e.g., both RNAi agents may be administered intraveneously or subcutaneously, or a first RNAi agent may be administered intraveneously with a second Rai agent administered subcutaneously, etc.

In various embodiments, the disclosure encompasses a composition or pharmaceutical composition comprising a RNAi agent, wherein one or both strands comprises a 3′ end cap, the composition further comprising a helper lipid, a neutral lipid, and/or a stealth lipid.

In one particular specific embodiment, the present disclosure relates to a method of treating a target gene-related disease in an individual, comprising the step of administering to the individual a therapeutically effective amount of a composition comprising a RNAi agent comprising a first strand and a second strand, wherein the first and/or second strand comprise a 3′ end cap selected from the 3′ end caps listed in Table 2. In one particular specific embodiment, the present disclosure relates to a method of inhibiting the expression of target gene in an individual, comprising the step of administering to the individual a therapeutically effective amount of a composition comprising a RNAi agent of the present disclosure.

In one embodiment of the method, the composition further comprises a pharmaceutically effective formulation.

Various particular specific embodiments of these embodiments are described below.

In one embodiment, the method further comprises the administration of an additional treatment. In one embodiment, the additional treatment is a therapeutically effective amount of a composition.

In one embodiment, the additional treatment is a method (or procedure).

In one embodiment, the additional treatment and the RNAi agent can be administered in any order, or can be administered simultaneously.

In one embodiment, the method further comprises the step of administering an additional treatment for the disease.

In one embodiment, the method further comprises the step of administering an additional treatment or therapy selected from the list of an additional antagonist to a target gene-related disease.

In one embodiment, the composition comprises a second RNAi agent to target gene. In various embodiments, the second RNAi agent is physically separate from the first, or the two are physically connected (e.g., covalently linked or otherwise conjugated).

Other Embodiments

Various particular specific embodiments of this disclosure are described below.

In one embodiment, the disclosure pertains to a composition according to any of the embodiments described herein, for use in a method of treating a target gene-related disease in an individual, the method comprising the step of administering to the individual a therapeutically effective amount of a composition according to any of the claims.

One embodiment of the disclosure is the use of a composition according to any of these embodiments, in the manufacture of a medicament for treatment of an target gene-related disease.

In one embodiment, the disclosure pertains to the composition of any of the above embodiments, for use in the treatment of an target gene-related disease.

Additional Definitions

Unless defined otherwise, the technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as that usually understood by a specialist familiar with the field to which the present disclosure belongs.

Unless indicated otherwise, all methods, steps, techniques and manipulations that are not specifically described in detail can be performed and have been performed in a manner known per se, as will be clear to the skilled person. Reference is for example again made to the standard handbooks and the general background art mentioned herein and to the further references cited therein.

Claims to the present disclosure are non-limiting and are provided below.

Although particular embodiments and claims have been disclosed herein in detail, this has been done by way of example for purposes of illustration only, and is not intended to be limiting with respect to the scope of the appended claims, or the scope of subject matter of claims of any corresponding future application. In particular, it is contemplated by the inventors that various substitutions, alterations, and modifications may be made to the present disclosure without departing from the spirit and scope of the present disclosure as defined by the claims. The choice of nucleic acid starting material, clone of interest, or library type is believed to be a matter of routine for a person of ordinary skill in the art with knowledge of the embodiments described herein or known in the art. Other aspects, advantages, and modifications considered to be within the scope of the following claims. Redrafting of claim scope in later-filed corresponding applications may be due to limitations by the patent laws of various countries and should not be interpreted as giving up subject matter of the claims.

Various additional formulations and obvious variants of the described 3′ end caps can be devised by those of ordinary skill in the art. Non-limiting example RNAi agents wherein one or both strands comprises a 3′ end cap are described in the Examples below, which do not limit the scope of the present disclosure as described in the claims.

EXAMPLES Example 1. Serum Stability of siRNAs with 3′ End Caps

The efficacy of a variety of different 3′ end caps (3′-terminal overhangs) was tested.

10 siRNAs were prepared with an identical sequence (mF7-III target gene, 19-mer blunt-ended, A12S17 modification scheme)

10 different non-nucleotidic 3′-terminal caps were used.

These were tested in mouse and human sera at 4 time points

Parent mF7-III in A6S11 format and wt (wild-type) luc (luciferase) siRNAs were used as controls

The molecules used are diagrammed in FIG. 1.

Table 5 below provides the sequences for these molecules.

TABLE 5 siRNA Format siRNA passenger Format siRNA guide ID Project Serum sense sequence anti sequence 144033 mFVII 3′-caps Mouse S17 uGu cuu GGu uuc AAu A12 UUu AAU UGA AAC cAA uA5 5 C3 GA6 5 C3 149853 mFVII 3′-caps Mouse S17 uGu cuu GGu uuc AAu A12 UUu AAU UGA AAC cAA uA5 5 C6 GA6 5 C6 149855 mFVII 3′-caps Mouse S17 uGu cuu GGu uuc AAu A12 UUu AAU UGA AAC cAA uA5 5 C12 GA6 5 C12 149857 mFVII 3′-caps Mouse S17 uGu cuu GGu uuc AAu A12 UUu AAU UGA AAC cAA uA5 g5 lycol GA6 5 glycol 149859 mFVII 3′-caps Mouse S17 uGu cuu GGu uuc AAu A12 UUu AAU UGA AAC cAA uA5 5 cyclohex GA6 5 cyclohex 149861 mFVII 3′-caps Mouse S17 uGu cuu GGu uuc AAu A12 UUu AAU UGA AAC cAA uA5 5 phenyl GA6 5 phenyl 149863 mFVII 3′-caps Mouse S17 uGu cuu GGu uuc AAu A12 UUu AAU UGA AAC cAA uA5 5 biphenyl GA6 5 biphenyl 149865 mFVII 3′-caps Mouse S17 uGu cuu GGu uuc AAu A12 UUu AAU UGA AAC cAA uA5 5 lithochol GA6 5 lithochol 149867 mFVII 3′-caps Mouse S17 uGu cuu GGu uuc AAu A12 UUu AAU UGA AAC cAA uA5 5 amino C7 GA6 5 amino C7 149869 mFVII 3′-caps Mouse S17 uGu cuu GGu uuc AAu A12 UUu AAU UGA AAC cAA uA5 5 amino C3 GA6 5 amino C3   8548 Luc stability Mouse S0 TCGAAGTACTCAGCGTAAG A0 CTTACGCTGAGTACTTCGA Ctrl. TT TT 144049 mFVII w/o cap Mouse S1 uGu cuu GGu uuc AAu A1 UUu AAU UGA AAC cAA uAA AdTsdT GAc AdTsdT 144033 mFVII 3′-caps Human S17 uGu cuu GGu uuc AAu A12 UUu AAU UGA AAC cAA uA5 5 C3 GA6 5 C3 149853 mFVII 3′-caps Human S17 uGu cuu GGu uuc AAu A12 UUu AAU UGA AAC cAA uA5 5 C6 GA6 5 C6 149855 mFVII 3′-caps Human S17 uGu cuu GGu uuc AAu A12 UUu AAU UGA AAC cAA uA5 5 C12 GA6 5 C12 149857 mFVII 3′-caps Human S17 uGu cuu GGu uuc AAu A12 UUu AAU UGA AAC cAA uA5 5 glycol GA6 5 glycol 149859 mFVII 3′-caps Human S17 uGu cuu GGu uuc AAu A12 UUu AAU UGA AAC cAA uA5 5 cyclohex GA6 5 cyclohex 149861 mFVII 3′-caps Human S17 uGu cuu GGu uuc AAu A12 UUu AAU UGA AAC cAA uA5 5 phenyl GA6 5 phenyl 149863 mFVII 3′-caps Human S17 uGu cuu GGu uuc AAu A12 UUu AAU UGA AAC cAA uA5 5 biphenyl GA6 5 biphenyl 149865 mFVII 3′-caps Human S17 uGu cuu GGu uuc AAu A12 UUu AAU UGA AAC cAA uA5 5 lithochol GA6 5 lithochol 149867 mFVII 3′-caps Human S17 uGu cuu GGu uuc AAu A12 UUu AAU UGA AAC cAA uA5 5 amino C7 GA6 5 amino C7 149869 mFVII 3′-caps Human S17 uGu cuu GGu uuc AAu A12 UUu AAU UGA AAC cAA uA5 5 amino C3 GA6 5 amino C3 144049 mFVII w/o cap Human NA NA A12 UUu AAU UGA AAC cAA anti GAc AdTsdT 144053 mFVII w/o cap Human S17 uGu cuu GGu uuc AAu NA NA sense uAA AdTsdT

The siRNA passenger strand sequences are provided as SEQ ID NOs: 60-72 and 229-238, in order. The siRNA guide strand sequences are provided in SEQ ID NOs: 73-95, in order. The 3′ end caps used in this example are diagrammed below, in the context of the RNAi agent strand:

Materials and Methods:

RNA samples were incubated in 100% mouse serum and human serum at 37° C., withdrawn at 0, 5′, 6 h and 24 h time points and snap-frozen. Oligos were separated by precast hydrogels (Elchrom Scientific) and visualized with SYBR gold (Biorad, Chemidoc XRS).

FIG. 2 shows the efficacy of various 3′ end caps described in Example 1 in allowing the RNAi agent to mediate RNA interference. All of the 3′ end caps-C3, C6, C12, Triethylene glycol, Cyclohexyl, Phenyl, Biphenyl, Adamantane and Lithocholic acid-allow the RNAi agent to perform RNA interference.

FIG. 3 shows the efficacy of various 3′ end caps described in Example 1 in reducing and/or preventing nuclease degradation in serum.

In mouse serum all 3′-capped A12S17 siRNAs display high resistance up to 24 h.

In human serum C3, C12 and lithochol appear to be less stable as compared to the other derivatives. However, in both experiments, C3, biphenyl and litochol display significantly weaker bands as compared to the other derivatives. However, there is a need to clarify whether this is due to lower synthesis/dsRNA quality (as indicated by gel-based QC) or due to a technical gel-based artifact (lithocholic acid may stick to human serum and thus gets protected from SYBR GOLD intercalation).

Single-strand antisense A12 is degraded rapidly in human serum whereas the parent sense S17 strand (with more chemical modifications) resists a bit longer but not as long as the dsRNA. Enzymatic stability correlates with thermal dsRNA stability.

Thus, this Example shows that siRNAs with these various 3′ end caps were able to mediate RNA interference against FVII (Factor VII). The 3′ end cap modifications designated as C3, C6, C12, glycol, cyclohex, phenyl, biphenyl, lithochol, C7 amino and C3 amino showed increased stability in mouse serum at 1′, 30′, 6 h and 24 hrs compared to luciferase and dTsdT controls. Those 3′-end modifications designated C3, C6, glycol, cyclohex, phenyl and biphenyl, C7 amino and C3 amino also showed increased stability in human serum compared to controls. below.

Example 2

The synthesis of various 3′ end cap succinate esters and alcohols are presented below.

Example 2.A X027 succinate ester Example 2.B X038 succinate ester Example 2.C X052 succinate ester Example 2.D X058 succinate ester Example 2.E X067 succinate ester Example 2.F X069 succinate ester Example 2.G General procedure for the high density loading of controlled pore glass supports with PAZ ligand succinates Example 2.H Synthesis of X050, X059, X061, X062, X065, X068 alcohols and succinate esters Example 2.I X060 and X064 alcohols and succinate esters Example 2.J. X063 succinate ester Example 2.K X066 succinate ester Example 2.L X051 succinate ester Example 2.M Synthesis of X097 succinate ester Example 2.N Synthesis of X098 succinate ester Example 2.O Synthesis of siRNA conjugated with X109 Example 2.P Synthesis of siRNA conjugated with X110 Example 2.Q Synthesis of siRNA conjugated with X111 Example 2.R Synthesis of siRNA conjugated with X112 Example 2.S Synthesis of siRNA conjugated with X113 Example 2.T General procedure for the high density loading of controlled pore glass supports with PAZ ligand succinates

Example 2

The synthesis of various 3′ end cap succinate esters and alcohols are presented below.

Example 2.A X027 succinate ester Example 2.B X038 succinate ester Example 2.C X052 succinate ester Example 2.D X058 succinate ester Example 2.E X067 succinate ester Example 2.F X069 succinate ester Example 2.G General procedure for the high density loading of controlled pore glass supports with PAZ ligand succinates Example 2.H Synthesis of X050, X059, X061, X062, X065, X068 alcohols and succinate esters Example 2.I X060 and X064 alcohols and succinate esters Example 2.J. X063 succinate ester Example 2.K X066 succinate ester Example 2.L X051 succinate ester Example 2.M Synthesis of X097 succinate ester Example 2.N Synthesis of X098 succinate ester Example 2.O Synthesis of siRNA conjugated with X109 Example 2.P Synthesis of siRNA conjugated with X110 Example 2.Q Synthesis of siRNA conjugated with X111 Example 2.R Synthesis of siRNA conjugated with X112 Example 2.S Synthesis of siRNA conjugated with X113 Example 2.T General procedure for the high density loading of controlled pore glass supports with PAZ ligand succinates

2.A. Synthesis of X027 Succinate Ester

To a solution of compound 1 (10.0 g, 70.0 mmol) in DMF (200 mL) were added DMT-Cl 2 (28.4 g, 84.0 mmol) and 2,6-lutidine (15.0 g, 140 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at rt overnight. The reaction mixture was poured into ice water and extracted with EtOAc (3×500 mL). The organic extracts was dried over sodium sulfate and concentrated in vacuum to give the crude product, which was purified by silica gel chromatography (heptane/ethyl acetate/NEt₃) to give the desired product as white solid (16 g, 36%). ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 400 MHz): 3.73 (s, 6H), 4.17 (s, 2H), 6.91 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 4H), 7.35-7.22 (m, 7H), 7.42 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.48 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.83-7.80 (m, 1H), 8.33 (d, J=1.6 Hz, 1H).

To a solution of compound 2 (8.0 g, 18 mmol) in dioxane (160 mL)/H₂O (40 mL) were added 3-hydroxyphenylboronic acid 4 (3.5 g, 25 mmol), Pd(PPh₃)₄ (1.1 g, 1.0 mmol), and Na₂CO₃ (4.0 g, 38 mmol). The reaction mixture was bubbled with nitrogen gas and stirred at 90° C. overnight. Then reaction mixture was poured into water and extracted with EtOAc (3×800 mL). The organic extracts was dried over sodium sulfate, concentrated in vacuum, and purified by silica gel chromatography (heptane/ethyl acetate/NEt₃) to give 4 as an impure light yellow oil (6 g).

To a solution of compound 4 (10 g crude, 20 mmol) in acetone (600 mL) were added compound 5 (4.0 g, 17.6 mmol), K₂CO₃ (4.0 g, 28 mmol), and KI (316 mg, 1.9 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at reflux overnight. After the reaction mixture was cooled, the solvent was concentrated in vacuum. The reside was diluted with water and extracted with EtOAc (3×800 mL). The organic phase was dried over sodium sulfate and concentrated in vacuum to give the crude product, which was purified by silica gel chromatography (heptane/ethyl acetate/NEt₃) to give 6 as light yellow oil (9 g, 69%). ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 400 MHz): 3.74 (s, 6H), 3.84 (s, 3H), 4.19 (s, 2H), 6.93 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 4H), 7.11-7.08 (m, 1H), 7.27-7.23 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 7.46-7.31 (m, 9H), 7.59-7.55 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.68 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.79-7.75 (m, 2H), 7.84-7.80 (m, 1H), 7.97-7.92 (m 2H), 8.10 (s, 1H), 8.61 (d, J=1.6 Hz, 1H).

Lithium aluminum hydride (30.7 mL of 1.0 M suspension in THF, 30.7 mmol) was added to a solution of compound 6 (8.0 g, 12 mmol) in THF (150 mL) at 0° C. After 2 hours at 0° C., the reaction mixture was quenched with water (200 mL), and then the reaction mixture was extracted with dichloromethane (3×200 mL), The combined organic phase was dried over sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated in vacuum to give the desired product 7 as white solid (6.1 g, 80%). ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 400 MHz): 3.74 (s, 6H), 4.19 (s, 2H), 5.54 (d, J=5.6 Hz, 2H), 5.18 (s, 2H), 5.27-5.24 (t, J=6.0 Hz, 1H), 6.93 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 4H), 7.10-7.07 (m, 1H), 7.47-7.23 (m, 14H), 7.67 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.75 (s, 1H), 7.83-7.81 (m, 1H), 7.95 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 8.61 (d, J=1.2 Hz, 1H).

To a solution of 2.00 g (3.21 mmol) 7 and 390 mg (3.21 mmol) N,N-dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP) in 10 mL dry pyridine under argon was added 640 mg (6.41 mmol) succinic anhydride (8). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 17 h and then 0.5 mL water was added. Stirring was continued for 30 min. The reaction mixture was diluted with 100 mL dichloromethane and washed with 50 mL ice-cold 10% aqueous citric acid and water (2×50 mL). The aqueous layers were reextracted with 50 mL dichloromethane. The combined organic layers were dried over Na₂SO₄ and evaporated. The remaining oil was coevaporated twice with toluene and the crude product purified by silica gel chromatography (dichloromethane/methanol/triethylamine 97:2:1) to give 1.35 g (1.64 mmol, 51%) 9 as an off-white foam. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃): 1.12 (t, J=7.3 Hz, 9H), 2.51-2.55 (m, 2H), 2.59-2.62 (m, 2H), 2.89 (q, J=7.3 Hz, 6H), 3.72 (s, 6H), 4.17 (s, 2H), 5.08 (s, 4H), 5.68 (s br., 1H), 6.76-6.80 (m, 4H), 6.93 (dd, J=8.1, 2.5 Hz, 1H), 7.14-7.18 (m, 1H), 7.21-7.34 (m, 10H), 7.41-7.46 (m, 4H), 7.62 (dd, J=5.1, 2.5 Hz, 2H), 7.71 (dd, J=8.2, 1.9 Hz, 1H), 8.59 (d, J=1.5 Hz, 1H).

2. B Synthesis of X038 Succinate Ester

Into a 2000-mL 3-necked round-bottom flask was placed a solution of 6-bromo-1H-indole-2-carboxylic acid 1 (100 g, 417 mmol) in methanol (1000 mL). This was followed by the addition of thionyl chloride (100 g, 840 mmol) dropwise with stirring. The resulting solution was heated to reflux for 2 h. The reaction mixture was cooled to rt and a precipitate was formed. The solids were collected by filtration, washing with methanol, and dried in an oven under reduced pressure, giving 2 (95 g, 90%) as a white solid.

Into a 2000-mL 3-necked round-bottom flask, purged and maintained with an inert atmosphere of nitrogen, was placed a solution of 2 (90 g, 354 mmol) in ethylene glycol dimethyl ether (500 mL), water (500 mL), (pyridin-3-yl)boronic acid 3 (43.6 g, 355 mmol), NEt₃ (107 g, 1.06 mol), and Pd(PPh₃)₄ (9 g, 7.79 mmol). The resulting solution was heated to reflux overnight. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature and was quenched by the addition of 800 mL of water, forming a precipitate. The solids were collected by filtration, washing with water, and dried in an oven under reduced pressure, giving 4 (78 g, 87%) as a brown solid.

Into a 2000-mL round-bottom flask was placed a solution of 4 (75 g, 297 mmol) in DMF (500 mL). This was followed by the addition of NBS (53.5 g, 301 mmol), portionwise. The resulting solution was stirred for 2 h at rt. The reaction was then quenched by the addition of 1000 mL of water, forming a precipitate. The solids were collected by filtration, washing with water, and dried in an oven under reduced pressure, giving 5 (70 g, 71%) as a brown solid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃): 3.94 (s, 3H), 7.51-7.58 (m, 2H), 7.67-7.76 (m, 2H), 8.11 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 8.60 (d, J=4.4 Hz, 1H), 8.91 (s, 1H), 12.48 (s, 1H).

Into a 2000-mL round-bottom flask was placed a solution of 5 (68 g, 205) in methanol (500 mL), water (100 mL), and sodium hydroxide (25 g, 625 mmol). The resulting solution was heated to reflux for 2 hr. The resulting solution was cooled to room temperature and diluted with 500 mL of water. The pH value of the solution was adjusted to 5-6 with 2N HCl (aq), forming a precipitate. The solids were collected by filtration, washing with water, and dried in an oven under reduced pressure, giving 6 (50 g, 77%) as a light yellow solid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃): 7.50-7.53 (m, 2H), 7.65-7.71 (m, 2H), 8.09 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 8.59 (d, J=4 Hz, 1H), 8.91 (s, 1H), 12.30 (s, 1H), 13.55 (s, 1H).

Into a 2000-mL round-bottom flask was placed a solution of 2-aminoethan-1-ol 7a (30 g, 491 mmol) in THF (600 mL), Fmoc-OSu (166 g, 491 mmol), and NEt₃ (199 g, 1.97 mol). The resulting solution was stirred overnight at rt. The mixture was concentrated under vacuum and purified by silica gel chromatography (ethyl acetate/petroleum ether), giving 7b (130 g, 93%) as a white solid.

Into a 2000-mL round-bottom flask was placed a solution of 7b (130 g, 459 mmol) in pyridine (500 mL), 1-[chloro(4-methoxyphenyl)benzyl]-4-methoxybenzene (DMT-Cl) (233 g, 688 mmol), and 4-dimethylaminopyridine (2.8 g, 22.9 mmol). The resulting solution was stirred overnight at rt. The reaction was then quenched by the addition of water, and the resulting solution was extracted with ethyl acetate (3×500 mL). The combined organic layers were dried over sodium sulfate and concentrated in vacuum. The residue was purified by silica gel chromatography (ethyl acetate/petroleum ether), giving 7c (210 g, 78%) as a brown solid.

Into a 2000-mL round-bottom flask was placed a solution of 7c (210 g, 359 mmol) in dichloromethane (500 mL) and NEt₃ (500 mL). The resulting solution was stirred overnight at rt. The resulting mixture was concentrated under vacuum. The residue was purified by silica gel chromatography (ethyl acetate/petroleum ether), giving 7 (95 g, 73%) a brown solid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) 2.42 (br. s, 2H), 3.70-3.82 (m, 2H), 3.80 (s, 6H), 6.79-6.87 (m, 4H), 7.19-7.25 (m, 2H), 7.29 (d, J=9.2 Hz, 2H), 7.33-7.40 (m, 3H), 7.49 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 2H).

Into a 2000-mL round-bottom flask was placed a solution of 6 (40 g, 126 mmol) in DMF (800 mL), 7 (69 g, 190 mmol), HATU (96 g, 252 mmol), and i-Pr₂EtN (65 g, 503 mmol). The resulting solution was stirred for 4 h at rt and then quenched by the addition of 1000 mL of water. The resulting solution was extracted with ethyl acetate (3×800 mL). The combined organic layers were dried over sodium sulfate and concentrated under vacuum. The residue was purified by silica gel chromatography (ethyl acetate/petroleum ether), giving 8 (30 g, 36%) of as a light yellow solid.

Into a 2000-mL round-bottom flask was placed a solution of 4-(chloromethyl)benzoic acid 9a (50 g, 293 mmol) in THF (200 mL). This was followed by the addition of 1 M BH₃/THF (586 mL, 586 mmol) dropwise with stirring at 0° C. over 1 hr. The resulting solution was stirred for 4 h at rt. The reaction was then quenched by the addition of 600 mL of 1 N HCl. The solution was extracted with 500 ml of ethyl acetate. The organic layer was washed with 300 ml of sodium carbonate (aq.), and 300 ml of brine. The organic layer was dried over sodium sulfate and concentrated under vacuum giving 9b (35 g, 76%) as a white solid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) 4.50 (d, J=4.8 Hz, 2H), 4.75 (s, 2H), 5.21 (t, J=4.8 Hz, 1H), 7.32 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.39 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 2H).

Into a 1000-mL 3-necked round-bottom flask was placed a solution 9b (35 g, 223 mmol) in THF (300 mL) and TEA (68 g, 672 mmol). This was followed by the addition of TMS-Cl (36.4 g, 335 mmol) dropwise with stirring. The resulting solution was stirred overnight at rt. The reaction was then quenched by the addition of 500 mL of water and extracted with 500 ml of ethyl acetate. The organic layer was washed with 500 ml of NaHCO₃ (aq.), 500 ml of brine, and dried over sodium sulfate. The residue was concentrated under vacuum giving 9 (35 g, 68%) as colorless oil.

Into a 1000-mL 3-necked round-bottom flask was placed a solution of 8 (30 g, 45.3 mmol) in DMF (300 mL), and sodium hydride (1.1 g, 45.8 mmol). The mixture was stirred at rt for 0.5 h. A solution of 9 (15.5 g, 67.8 mmol) in THF (100 ml) was then added, and the resulting solution was stirred overnight at 60° C. The reaction mixture was cooled to rt and quenched by the addition of 500 mL of water. The resulting solution was extracted with dichloromethane (3×500 mL), and the combined organic layers were concentrated under vacuum. The residue was purified by silica gel chromatography (ethyl acetate/petroleum ether), giving 10 (15 g, 39%) as a white solid.

Into a 500-mL round-bottom flask was placed a solution of 10 (15 g, 17.6 mmol) in THF (150 mL) and TBAF (7 g, 26.8 mmol). The resulting solution was stirred for 30 min at rt. The resulting solution was diluted with 300 mL of water and extracted with 500 mL of ethyl acetate. The organic layer was washed with water (2×300 mL) and 300 mL of brine, and dried over sodium sulfate. The resulting mixture was concentrated under vacuum and the crude product was re-crystallized from hexane, giving 11 (5.5 g, 40%) as a yellow solid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃): 3.30 (m, 2H), 3.66-3.65 (m, 2H), 3.78 (s, 6H), 4.51 (s, 2H), 5.68 (s, 2H), 6.84 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 4H), 7.09 (d, J=8 Hz, 2H), 7.19-7.35 (m, 9H), 7.47-7.54 (m, 4H), 7.70 (d, J=9.2 Hz, 2H), 8.10 (d, J=8 Hz, 1H), 8.51 (d, J=4.8 Hz, 1H), 8.79 (s, 1H).

To a solution of 1.57 g (2.00 mmol) 11 and 244 mg (2.00 mmol) N,N-dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP) in 8 mL dry pyridine under argon was added 400 mg (4.00 mmol) succinic anhydride (12). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 22 h and then 0.5 mL water was added. Stirring was continued for 30 min. The reaction mixture was taken up in 100 mL dichloromethane and washed with 50 mL ice-cold 10% aqueous citric acid and water (2×50 mL). The aqueous layers were reextracted with 50 mL dichloromethane. The combined organic layers were dried over Na₂SO₄ and evaporated. The remaining oil was coevaporated twice with toluene and the crude product purified by silica gel chromatography (dichloromethane/methanol/triethylamine 94:5:1) to give 2.05 g (2.00 mmol, quant.) 13 as an off-white foam. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃): 1.05 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 9H), 2.45 (t, J=6.5 Hz, 2H), 2.54 (t, J=6.5 Hz, 2H), 2.66 (q, J=7.2 Hz, 6H), 3.29 (t, J=4.9 Hz, 2H), 3.60 (q, J=5.1 Hz, 2H), 3.70 (s, 6H), 4.97 (s, 2H), 5.75 (s, 2H), 6.72-6.76 (m, 4H), 7.01 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 2H), 7.12-7.23 (m, 6H), 7.26-7.31 (m, 5H), 7.35-7.41 (m, 4H), 7.63 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 1H), 7.79 (dt, J=8.1, 1.9 Hz, 1H), 8.49 (dd, J=4.8, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 8.73 (d, J=2.0 Hz, 1H).

2.C. Synthesis of X052 Succinate Ester

In a dried, two-neck roundbottom flask 3.33 g (17.8 mmol) 4-bromobenzyl alcohol, 2.35 g (17.8 mmol) 4-ethynylbenzyl alcohol, 750 mg (1.07 mmol) bis-(triphenylphosphine)-palladiumdichloride, and 340 mg (1.78 mmol) copper(I)iodide were dissolved in 45 mL dry THF under argon. Then 12.4 mL (9.21 g, 71.3 THF ol) Hünig's base were added and the mixture heated to reflux for 4 h. The reaction mixture was cooled to rt, passed through a pad of Hyflo, the filtercake washed with THF, and the filtrate evaporated to dryness. The crude product was purified by silica gel chromatography (dichloromethane/methanol 99:1 to 49:1) to give 3 (1.03 g, 24%) as a yellowish solid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆): 4.54 (d, J=5.6 Hz, 4H), 5.29 (t, J=5.8 Hz, 2H), 7.37 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 4H), 7.51 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 4H).

Diol 3 (960 mg, 4.03 mmol) was dissolved in 17 mL pyridine under argon and cooled to 0° C. Then 4,4′-dimethoxytriphenylchloromethane (DMT-Cl, 1.37 mg, 4.03 mmol) was added portionwise over 15 min. The solution was stirred overnight at ambient temperature. The reaction mixture was dissolved in 100 mL dichloromethane and extracted twice with 50 mL sat. aqueous NaHCO₃ each. The aqueous layers where reextracted with 100 mL dichloromethane. The combined organic layers were dried over Na₂SO₄ and evaporated to dryness. The crude product was coevaporated twice with toluene and purified by silica gel chromatography (heptane/ethyl acetate 3:1 to 2:1 with 0.1% Et₃N) to give 4 as a foam in 61% yield (1.32 g, 2.44 mmol). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃): 1.67 (t br., 1H), 3.72 (s, 6H), 4.11 (s, 2H), 4.64 (s br., 2H) 6.76-6.79 (m, 4H), 7.13-7.17 (m, 1H), 7.21-7.34 (m, 10H), 7.41-7.47 (m, 6H).

To a solution of 1.30 g (2.40 mmol) 4 and 290 mg (2.40 mmol) N,N-dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP) in 12 mL dry pyridine under argon was added 480 mg (4.81 mmol) succinic anhydride (5). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 19 h and then quenched by addition of 1.5 mL water. Stirring was continued for 60 min before the reaction mixture was diluted with 150 mL dichloromethane and washed with 75 mL ice-cold 10% aqueous citric acid and water (2×75 mL). The aqueous layers were reextracted with 150 mL dichloromethane. The combined organic layers were dried over Na₂SO₄ and evaporated. The remaining oil was coevaporated twice with toluene and the crude product purified by silica gel chromatography (dichloromethane/methanol/triethylamine 97:2:1) to give 1.36 g (1.83 mmol, 76%) 6 as an off-white, sticky foam. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃): 1.16 (t, J=7.3 Hz, 9H), 2.50 (t, J=6.5 Hz, 2H), 2.60 (t, J=6.7 Hz, 2H), 2.87 (q, J=7.3 Hz, 6H), 3.72 (s, 6H), 4.11 (s, 2H), 5.05 (s, 2H), 5.65 (s br., 1H), 6.75-6.79 (m, 4H), 7.13-7.16 (m, 1H), 7.21-7.34 (m, 10H), 7.41-7.44 (m, 6H).

2.D. Synthesis of X058 Succinate Ester

A 1M solution of boron trichloride in toluene (4.94 L, 4.94 mol) under argon was diluted with 5 L of toluene before a solution of 850 g (4.94 mol) 2-bromoaniline (1) in 400 mL toluene was added over a period of 40 min, resulting in a clear pale brown solution in a slightly exothermic reaction. The temperature was kept below 24° C. with cooling. Then a solution of 1529 g (14.8 mol) benzonitrile (2) in 1.53 L toluene was added, followed by 725 g (5.44 mol) AlCl₃ resulting in a fine suspension which turned pale green. This mixture was stirred for 1 h at 20° C. to 24° C., then heated to reflux for 6 h. After 1 h at reflux a clear pale brown solution resulted, which changed to pale yellow after 4 h and eventually became turbid. After a total of 7 h, the reaction mixture was allowed to cool to 20° C. overnight, resulting in an emulsion, and was then quenched by addition of 15 L ice cold 1M HCl (caution: exothermic reaction with strong gas evolution at the beginning of the addition). The temperature was kept at 22° C. to 35° C. by cooling. This biphasic mixture was warmed to 80° C. for 60 minutes. The aqueous phase was separated and reextracted with 5 L of toluene. Both organic phases were washed with 5 L 1M HCl, 10 L of a 2M NaOH solution and 5 L brine. The combined toluene layers were dried over MgSO₄ and evaporated (55° C., 5 mbar) to a brown oil which was further dried at 80° C. and 0.5 mbar. The crude product solidified after 1 h at room temperature and was then purified by silica gel chromatography (heptane/ethyl acetate) yielding 812 g (2.94 mol, 58%) 3. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, acetonitrile-d₃): 6.52-6.68 (m, 3H), 7.42 (dd, J=7.8, 1.3 Hz, 1H), 7.47-7.54 (m, 2H), 7.57-7.64 (m, 3H), 7.66 (dd, J=7.8, 1.3 Hz, 1H).

Under argon and with vigorous stirring 120 g (1033 mmol) methyl-4-oxobutanoate (4) was added at once to a solution of benzophenone 3 (233 g, 808 mmol) in 3.5 L glacial acid, resulting in a clear yellow solution. After addition of 2.5 mL (4.60 g, 46.9 mmol) concentrated sulfuric acid the color changed to pale red. The solution was heated to reflux overnight. The yellow solution was then cooled to room temperature and slowly poured in to an ice cold solution of 3 kg ammonium chloride in 10 L of water. The mixture was extracted twice with 5 L of dichloromethane each. The combined organic layers were extracted twice with 6 L saturated, aqueous NaHCO₃ solution (caution: gas evolution). The organic layer was dried over MgSO₄ and evaporated to dryness to give 338 g of crude product as pale yellow solid. This material was crystallized from 6 L heptane/ethyl acetate 4:1 yielding 136 g (382 mmol, 47%) 5 as colorless crystals. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, acetonitrile-d₃): 3.58 (s, 3H), 3.65 (s, 2H), 7.25-7.31 (m, 2H), 7.32-7.38 (m, 1H), 7.40-7.45 (m, 1H), 7.53-7.61 (m, 3H), 8.07 (dd, J=7.6, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 8.97 (s, 1H).

Phenylquinoline 5 (338 g, 949 mmol), vinyl boronate 6 (175 g, 1139 mmol), and potassium carbonate (266 g, 1926 mmol) were dissolved in 4.6 L 1,4-dioxane/water 1:1 under argon. The mixture was stirred for 5 min before adding 31.9 g (78 mmol) S-PHOS and 10.0 g (44.6 mmol) palladium(II)acetate. The mixture was warmed to 70° C. and stirred under argon for 5 h. The yellow mixture was then cooled to room temperature, diluted with 3 L tert.-butylmethylether and extracted twice with 2.5 L water, followed by 2 L brine. The aqueous phases were reextracted with 2 L tert.-butylmethylether. The combined organic layers were dried with MgSO₄ and evaporated to dryness resulting in 348 g of a yellow oil. The crude product was purified by silica gel chromatography (heptane/ethyl acetate 4:1) giving 196 g (645 mmol, 68%) 7. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, acetonitrile-d₃): 3.58 (s, 3H), 3.63 (s, 2H), 5.50 (dd, J=11.1, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 6.04 (dd, J=17.9, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 7.24-7.30 (m, 2H), 7.35 (dd, J=8.3, 1.3 Hz, 1H), 7.43-7.50 (m, 1H), 7.51-7.59 (m, 3H), 7.97 (dd, J=7.1, 1.0 Hz, 1H), 8.06 (dd, J=17.9, 11.4 Hz, 1H), 8.91 (s, 1H)

Vinyl-quinoline 7 (194 g, 640 mmol) was dissolved in 3 L THF under argon. The yellow solution was cooled to 15° C. and stirred for 10 min. Then 1.8 L of a 0.5M solution of 9-borabicylo[3.3.1]nonane in THF (900 mmol) was added dropwise during a period of 30 min at 15 to 18° C. Stirring was continued at room temperature overnight. After cooling to −50° C. (dry ice/acetone), 300 mL of a 30% hydrogen peroxide solution in water (2937 mmol) was added dropwise over 5 min (exothermic reaction), followed by the addition of 520 mL of a 3M aqueous NaOH solution (1560 mmol) which resulted in a yellow suspension. The reaction mixture was allowed to warm to 0 to 2° C. and then stirred for 3 h at this temperature. The yellow suspension was diluted with 3 L water and then extracted twice with 3 L ethyl acetate. Both organic layers were washed with 2 L water followed by 2 L brine. The combined organic phases were dried over MgSO₄ and evaporated to give a pale brown oil which was purified by silica gel chromatography (2-3% methanol in dichloromethane) yielding 163 g (507 mmol, 79%) 8. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆): 3.42 (t, J=6.8 Hz, 2H), 3.53 (s, 3H), 3.65 (s, 2H), 3.76-3.84 (m, 2H), 4.54 (t, J=5.3 Hz, 1H), 7.19 (dd, J=8.6, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 7.21-7.25 (m, 2H), 7.40 (dd, J=8.1, 7.1 Hz, 1H), 7.49-7.59 (m, 3H), 7.62 (d, J=7.1 Hz, 1H), 8.91 (s, 1H).

Methyl ester 8 (64.5 g, 201 mmol) was dissolved in 600 ml methanol. To this solution was added 450 mL of 0.5M aqueous NaOH (225 mmol). The turbid solution was stirred for 1 h at 50° C. Then the reaction mixture was evaporated to about 600 mL and the residue extracted twice with 800 mL tert.-butylmethylether each. The ether layers were washed with 300 mL water. The combined water phases were evaporated to dryness and the residue coevaporated twice with toluene to give 67 g of a beige solid. This material was dissolved in 1 L water and then 250 mL 1M aqueous citric acid was added carefully. The resulting suspension was stirred for 15 min and then extracted twice with 1 L ethyl acetate each. The organic layers were dried over MgSO4 and evaporated to dryness, yielding 54.1 g (176 mmol, 88%) acid 9 as beige solid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, D₂O): 3.80 (t, J=6.8 Hz, 2H), 3.82 (s, 2H), 4.32 (t, J=6.8 Hz, 2H), 7.58-7.64 (m, 2H), 7.67-7.73 (m, 1H), 7.73-7.79 (m, 1H), 7.87-7.95 (m, 3H), 7.97 (dd, J=7.1, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 9.14 (s, 1H).

Phthalic anhydride (10B, 140 g, 945 mmol) was mixed with 4-amino-1-butanol (10A) and heated to 140° C. for 3 hours. Over the course of the reaction, the colorless suspension turned into clear, light yellow liquid. The mixture was allowed to cool to 80° C. and poured onto 3 kg of crushed ice. The ice mixture was extracted three times with 2 L of dichloromethane each. The combined organic phases were washed with 2 L saturated aqueous NaHCO₃, twice with 2 L water, and then with 2 L brine. The organic layer was dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated to give 195 g 10C (889 mmol, 95%) as beige solid This material was used in the next step without further purification. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, acetonitrile-d₃): 1.48-1.58 (m, 2H), 1.67-1.78 (m, 2H), 2.37 (t, J=5.3 Hz, 1H), 3.50-3.57 (m, 2H), 3.66 (t, J=7.3 Hz, 2H), 7.75-7.85 (m, 4H).

Phthalimide 10C (193 g, 880 mmol) was dissolved in 2.5 L pyridine under argon. Then 4,4′-dimethoxytriphenylchloromethane (DMT-Cl, 328 g, 968 mmol) was added in four portions over 10 min. The temperature of the reaction mixture rose from 23° C. to 26° C. and the yellow solution turned red, then back to yellow again. The solution was stirred overnight at ambient temperature. To quench the reaction 200 mL methanol was added 200 ml and the reaction mixture subsequently evaporated. The residue was dissolved in 5 L ethyl acetate and extracted twice with 5 L 5% aqueous citric acid, once with 5% aqueous NaHCO₃ and finally with 5 L brine. The aqueous layers where reextracted with 2 L ethyl acetate. The combined organic layers were dried over MgSO₄ and evaporated to dryness. The crude product, 495 g of a brown oil, was purified by silica gel chromatography (heptane/ethyl acetate 4:1 to 3:1). DMT-protected linker 10D was obtained in 81% yield (381 g, 730 mmol). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆): 1.48-1.60 (m, 2H), 1.62-1.74 (m, 2H), 3.01 (t, J=6.1 Hz, 2H), 3.56 (t, J=7.1 Hz, 2H), 3.73 (s, 6H), 6.82-6.88 (m, 4H), 7.16-7.25 (m, 5H), 7.25-7.31 (m, 2H), 7.32-7.37 (m, 2H), 7.78-7.87 (m, 4H).

Phthalimide 10D (302 g, 579 mmol) was dissolved in 7 L ethanol at 50° C. and 320 mL (327 g, 3.57 mol) hydrazine hydrate was added. The reaction mixture was heated for 5 h to 50° C. The colorless suspension was cooled to room temperature and diluted with 15 L of water. The resulting emulsion was extracted twice with 6 L tert.-butylmethylether each. The organic phases were washed twice with 4 L 5% aqueous NaHCO₃, then with 4 L brine. The combined ether layers were dried over MgSO₄ and evaporated to give 226 g (578 mmol) 10 as a pale yellow oil which was used in the next step without additional purification. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, acetonitrile-d₃): 1.42-1.54 (m, 2H), 1.56-1.66 (m, 2H), 2.61 (t, J=7.1 Hz, 2H), 3.06 (t, J=6.6 Hz, 2H), 3.78 (s, 6H), 6.84-6.90 (m, 4H), 7.19-7.26 (m, 1H), 7.28-7.35 (m, 6H), 7.41-7.47 (m, 2H).

Quinoline acetic acid 9 (92 g, 279 mmol) was dissolved in 1.5 L DMF under argon and a solution of 128 g (327 mmol) DMT-protected aminobutanol 10 in 1 L DMF followed by 146 mL (108 g, 838 mmol) ethyldiisopropylamine were added. Finally, 138 g (363 mmol) HATU was added to the pale yellow, turbid solution, resulting in an exothermic reaction. The temperature was kept below 25° C. with ice-bath cooling. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 6 h and then diluted with 3 L aqueous NaHCO₃. This mixture was extracted twice with 3 L tert.-butylmethylether each. The organic layers were washed with brine, combined, dried, and evaporated. The crude product (180 g pale brown oil) was purified by silica gel chromatography (dichloromethane/methanol/triethylamine 98:2:0.25) to give 134 g (197 mmol, 70%) 11 as colorless foam. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆): 1.35-1.57 (m, 4H), 2.97 (t, J=6.3 Hz, 4H), 3.34-3.48 (m, 4H), 3.73 (s, 6H), 3.76-3.83 (m, 2H), 4.54 (t, J=5.3 Hz, 1H), 6.84-6.90 (m, 4H), 7.15-7.32 (m, 10H), 7.34-7.41 (m, 3H), 7.42-7.53 (m, 3H), 7.58 (dd, J=6.8, 1.3 Hz, 1H), 7.62 (t, J=4.8 Hz, 1H), 8.83 (s, 1H).

Alcohol 11 (43.8 g, 64.4 mmol) and N,N-dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP, 7.87 g, 64.4 mmol) were dissolved in 600 mL pyridine under argon. Then 12.9 g (128 mmol) succinic anhydride (12) was added and the reaction mixture stirred at room temperature for 20 h. The reaction was quenched by addition of 10 mL water and stirring continued for 30 min. The reaction mixture was diluted with 1200 mL dichloromethane and washed with 600 mL ice-cold 10% aqueous citric acid and twice with 600 mL water. The aqueous layers were reextracted with 600 mL dichloromethane. The combined organic layers were dried over Na₂SO₄ and evaporated. The crude product was coevaporated twice with 100 mL toluene and then purified by silica gel chromatography (dichloromethane/methanol/triethylamine 97:2:1 to 94:5:1) to give 57.5 g (quantitative) 13 as an off-white foam. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃): 1.17 (t, J=7.3 Hz, 9H), 1.46-1.60 (m, 4H), 2.52 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 2.61 (t, J=7.0 Hz, 2H), 2.82 (q, J=7.3 Hz, 6H), 3.06 (t, J=5.8 Hz, 2H), 3.16 (q, J=6.3 Hz, 2H), 3.49 (s, 2H), 3.64 (t, J=6.8 Hz, 2H), 3.80 (s, 6H), 4.53 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 5.38 (t br., 1H), 6.08 (s br., 1H), 6.80-6.84 (m, 4H), 7.20 (t, J=7.3 Hz, 1H), 7.26-7.38 (m, 10H), 7.41-7.52 (m, 5H), 7.59 (d, J=6.3 Hz, 1H), 8.92 (s, 1H).

2.E. Synthesis of X067 Succinate Ester

To a 250 mL roundbottom flask was added 2-(4-bromophenyl)ethanol 1 (1.00 g, 4.97 mmol), pyridine (25 mL) and 4,4′-(chloro(phenyl)methylene)bis(methoxybenzene) (DMT-Cl) (1.69 g, 4.97 mmol). The solution was stirred at rt for 2 h. 1 mL of MeOH was added, and the solution was stirred at rt for 10 min. The solution was then concentrated under vacuum, dissolved in 250 mL of EtOAc, and washed with 100 mL sat. aq. NaHCO₃, 100 mL of water, and 100 mL of brine. The organic layer was dried with sodium sulfate, concentrated under vacuum, and purified by silica gel chromatography (heptane/ethyl acetate/NEt₃) to give 2 (2.35 g, 94%) as a foamy solid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆): 2.80 (t, J=6.6 Hz, 2H), 3.12 (t, J=6.6 Hz, 2H), 3.72 (s, 6H), 6.81-6.87 (m, 4H), 7.12-7.22 (m, 7H), 7.26 (d, J=4.0 Hz, 4H), 7.44-7.50 (m, 2H).

To a 40 mL glass vial with rubber septa was added 2 (0.70 g, 1.39 mmol), 4-(hydroxymethyl)phenylboronic acid 3 (0.25 g, 1.67 mmol), Pd(PPh₃)₄ (80 mg, 0.070 mmol), 2 M (aq) Na₂CO₃ (2.1 mL, 4.17 mmol), and 1,4-dioxane (7 mL). The contents were briefly placed under vacuum, and then placed under a nitrogen atmosphere. The vial was sealed and heated at 90° C. for 16 h. After cooling to rt, EtOAc was added and the mixture was washed with sat. aq. NaHCO₃ and brine. The organic portion was dried with sodium sulfate, concentrated under vacuum, and purified by silica gel chromatography (heptane/ethyl acetate/NEt₃) to give 3 (0.64 g, 87%) as a foamy solid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆): 2.86 (t, J=6.6 Hz, 2H), 3.16 (t, J=6.6 Hz, 2H), 3.72 (s, 6H), 4.52 (d, J=6.1 Hz, 2H), 5.19 (t, J=5.8 Hz, 1H), 6.81-6.87 (m, 4H), 7.18 (d, J=9.1 Hz, 4H), 7.20-7.22 (m, 1H), 7.24-7.33 (m, 6H), 7.38 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 2H), 7.57 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 2H), 7.60 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 2H).

To a solution of 3.68 g (6.93 mmol) 4 and 847 mg (6.93 mmol) N,N-dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP) in 35 mL dry pyridine under argon was added 1.39 g (13.9 mmol) succinic anhydride (5). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 16 h and then 2.5 mL water was added. Stirring was continued for 30 min. The reaction mixture was taken up in 300 mL dichloromethane and washed with 150 mL ice-cold 10% aqueous citric acid and water (2×150 mL). The aqueous layers were reextracted with 150 mL dichloromethane. The combined organic layers were dried over Na₂SO₄ and evaporated. The remaining oil was coevaporated twice with toluene and the crude product purified by silica gel chromatography (dichloromethane/methanol/triethylamine 97:2:1) to give 4.68 g (6.39 mmol, 92%) 6 as an off-white foam. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃): 1.14 (t, J=7.4 Hz, 9H), 2.51 (t, J=6.8 Hz, 2H), 2.60 (t, J=6.5 Hz, 2H), 2.82-2.90 (m, 8H), 3.24 (t, J=6.8 Hz, 2H), 3.70 (s, 6H), 5.08 (s, 2H), 6.69-6.73 (m, 4H), 7.08-7.21 (m, 9H), 7.28-7.35 (m, 4H), 7.42 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 2H), 7.48 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 8.04 (s br., 1H).

2. F. Synthesis of X069 Succinate Ester

Compound 2 was prepared according to Eur. J. Org. Chem, 2002, 19, 3326-3335. In a 250 mL roundbottom was added 3-bromobenzaldehyde 1 (10.0 g, 54.0 mmol) and EtOH (25 mL). The solution was cooled to 0° C. in an ice-water bath, sodium borohydride (1.11 g, 29.5 mmol) was added, and the mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 1 h. Sodium sulfate decahydrate was added, and the reaction was stirred at rt for 1 h to quench the borohydride. Diethyl ether was added, and the mixture was washed with water. The organic layer was dried with sodium sulfate and concentrated under vacuum to give 2 (9.50 g, 94%) as a clear oil. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃): 2.34 (br. s, 1H), 4.61 (br. s, 2H), 7.13-7.33 (m, 2H), 7.40 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.49 (s, 1H).

To a 500 mL roundbottom flask was added 2 (9.50 g, 50.8 mmol), 4,4′-(chloro(phenyl)methylene)bis(methoxybenzene) (DMT-Cl) (17.2 g, 50.8 mmol), DMAP (0.310 g, 0.050 mmol), and pyridine (200 mL). The solution was placed under an atmosphere of nitrogen, and stirred overnight at rt. EtOAc was added, and the solution was washed with sat. aq. NaHCO₃. The organic layer was concentrated under vacuum, and purified by silica gel chromatography (heptane/ethyl acetate/NEt₃) to give 3 (23.3 g, 94%) as a foamy solid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃): 3.74 (s, 6H), 4.12 (s, 2H), 6.92 (dd, J=8.0 Hz, 4H), 7.21-7.48 (m, 13H).

To a 40 mL glass vial with rubber septum was added 3 (1.00 g, 2.04 mmol), 4-ethynylbenzyl alcohol 4 (0.405 g, 3.06 mmol), PdCl₂(PPh₃)₂ (86 mg, 0.123 mmol), CuI (39 mg, 0.204 mmol), iPr₂EtN (1.06 g, 8.17 mmol) and THF (7 mL). The contents were briefly placed under vacuum, and then placed under a nitrogen atmosphere. The vial was sealed and heated at 70° C. for 16 h. After cooling to rt, the mixture was filtered through celite, washing with EtOAc, and the filtrated was concentrated under vacuum. The residue was purified by silica gel chromatography (heptane/ethyl acetate/NEt₃) to give 5 (0.680 g, 62%) as a foamy solid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃): 3.74 (s, 6H), 4.12 (s, 2H), 4.53 (d, J=4.0 Hz, 2H), 5.29 (t, J=4.0 Hz, 1H), 6.93 (dd, J=8.0 Hz, 4H), 7.19-7.58 (m, 17H).

To a solution of 4.55 g (8.42 mmol) 5 and 1.03 g (8.42 mmol) N,N-dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP) in 42 mL dry pyridine under argon was added 1.68 g (16.8 mmol) succinic anhydride (6). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 16 h and then 2.5 mL water was added. Stirring was continued for 30 min. The reaction mixture was taken up in 300 mL dichloromethane and washed with 150 mL ice-cold 10% aqueous citric acid and water (2×150 mL). The aqueous layers were reextracted with 150 mL dichloromethane. The combined organic layers were dried over Na₂SO₄ and evaporated. The remaining oil was coevaporated twice with toluene and the crude product purified by silica gel chromatography (dichloromethane/methanol/triethylamine 97:2:1) to give 5.81 g (7.83 mmol, 93%) 7 as an off-white, sticky foam. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃): 1.14 (t, J=7.4 Hz, 9H), 2.50 (t, J=6.5 Hz, 2H), 2.60 (t, J=6.6 Hz, 2H), 2.86 (q, J=7.3 Hz, 6H), 3.72 (s, 6H), 4.09 (s, 2H), 5.05 (s, 2H), 5.95 (s br., 1H), 6.75-6.79 (m, 4H), 7.15 (tt, J=7.3, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 7.21-7.36 (m, 11H), 7.42-7.45 (m, 5H).

2.G. General Procedure for the High Density Loading of Controlled Pore Glass Supports with PAZ Ligand Succinates

In an Erlenmeyer flask 1.00 mmol PAZ ligand succinate salt 1 was dissolved in 50 mL dry acetonitrile under argon. To this solution 353 mg (1.10 mmol) O-(1H-benzo-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)-N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyl-uronium tetrafluoroborate (TBTU) was added and the solution shaken for 10 min. Then 10 g long chain alkylamine controlled pore glass (LCAA/CNA-600-CPG, PrimeSynthesis, 2) was added and the reaction mixture gently agitated for 5 min. Finally, 0.685 mL (517 mg, 4.00 mmol) Hünig's base was added and the flask gently shaken for 24 h on an orbital shaker. Loading density was assessed by detritylating an aliquote of the CPG (3-5 mg CPG washed with acetonitrile, dried in vacuo, added to 25 mL 3% dichloroacetic acid in dichloromethane (v/v), absorbance at 504 nm determined). If loading density was in the desired range (60-90 micromol/g), the CPG was filtered off and washed extensively with acetonitrile. Underivatized amino groups were capped by treating the CPG with x mL each of a mixture of acetic anhydride/2,6-lutidine/THF 1:1:8 (v/v/v) and a solution of 1-methylimidazole in THF 16:84 (v/v). The mixture was gently shaken for 15 min at room temperature. Then the CPG was filtered off, washed with acetonitrile and dried under vacuum overnight. Loading density was determined again as above. Loading yields for the succinates in examples 1-6 were in the range of 64-75 micromol/g.

2.H. Synthesis of X050, X059, X061, X062, X065, X068 Alcohols and Succinate Esters Prepared in an Analogous Manner to X027

X050 alcohol: ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ ppm 3.73 (s, 6H) 4.19 (s, 2H) 4.51 (d, J=5.56 HZ, 2H) 7.19-7.30 (m, 4H) 7.30-7.40 (m, 9H) 7.40-7.49 (m, 5H) 7.53 (s, 1H) 7.57 (d, J=7.58 Hz, 1H). MS (ESI−) m/z: calcd for C₄₂H₃₈O₅ 622.3. Found 667.9 [MH⁻+formic acid].

X059 alcohol: ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ ppm 3.74 (s, 6H) 4.10 (s, 2H) 4.52 (s, 2H) 5.15 (s, 2H) 5.22 (br. s., 1H) 6.90-6.96 (m, 4H) 7.07-7.13 (m, 2H) 7.22-7.30 (m, 2H) 7.30-7.38 (m, 8H) 7.39-7.48 (m, 5H) 7.60 (d, J=8.08 Hz, 4H). MS (ESI−) m/z: calcd for C₄₂H₃₈O₅ 622.3. Found 621.1 [MH⁻].

X061 alcohol: ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ ppm 3.74 (s, 6H) 4.17 (s, 2H) 4.63 (d, J=5.05 Hz, 2H) 5.17-5.22 (m, 3H) 6.93 (d, J=8.59 Hz, 4H) 7.11 (d, J=8.59 Hz, 2H) 7.22-7.37 (m, 10H) 7.40-7.52 (m, 7H) 7.58 (d, J=8.59 Hz, 2H). MS (ESI−) m/z: calcd for C₄₂H₃₈O₅622.3. Found 667.6 [MH⁻+formic acid].

X062 alcohol: ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ ppm 3.74 (s, 6H) 4.16 (s, 2H) 4.52 (d, J=6.06 Hz, 2H) 5.14 (s, 2H) 5.19-5.23 (m, 1H) 6.90-6.95 (m, 4H) 7.07-7.12 (m, 2H) 7.21-7.29 (m, 2H) 7.30-7.38 (m, 9H) 7.39-7.48 (m, 5H) 7.49-7.53 (m, 1H) 7.55-7.60 (m, 2H). MS (ESI−) m/z: calcd for C₄₂H₃₈O₅622.3. Found 667.7 [MH⁻+formic acid].

X065 alcohol: ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ ppm 3.75 (s, 6H) 4.16 (s, 2H) 4.52 (d, J=6.06 Hz, 2H) 5.17 (s, 2H) 5.21 (t, J=5.81 Hz, 1H) 6.93 (d, J=8.59 Hz, 4H) 7.12 (d, J=9.09 Hz, 2H) 7.22-7.39 (m, 10H) 7.41-7.47 (m, 3H) 7.78 (dd, J=8.34, 2.27 Hz, 1H) 7.85-7.90 (m, 1H) 8.03 (d, J=9.09 Hz, 2H) 8.55 (d, J=1.52 Hz, 1H). MS (ESI+) m/z: calcd for C₄₁H₃₇NO₅ 623.3. Found 624.7 [MH⁺].

X068 alcohol: ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ ppm 2.87 (t, J=6.57 Hz, 2H) 3.16 (t, J=6.57 Hz, 2H) 3.72 (s, 6H) 4.51 (d, J=5.56 Hz, 2H) 5.17 (s, 2H) 5.21 (t, J=5.81 Hz, 1H) 6.85 (d, J=8.59 Hz, 4H) 6.99 (dd, J=8.08, 1.52 Hz, 1H) 7.18 (d, J=9.09 Hz, 4H) 7.20-7.38 (m, 13H) 7.43 (s, 1H) 7.59 (d, J=8.59 Hz, 2H). MS (ESI+) m/z: calcd for C₄₃H₄₀O₅636.3. Found 659.7 [M+Na].

2.I. Synthesis of X060 and X064 Alcohols and Succinate Esters Prepared in an Analogous Manner to X067

X060 alcohol: ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ ppm ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ ppm 3.75 (s, 6H) 4.12 (s, 2H) 4.57 (d, J=5.56 Hz, 2H) 5.20-5.26 (m, 1H) 6.90-6.96 (m, 4H) 7.22-7.28 (m, 1H) 7.29-7.38 (m, 7H) 7.39-7.48 (m, 5H) 7.53 (d, J=8.08 Hz, 1H) 7.60 (s, 1H) 7.64 (d, J=8.08 Hz, 2H). MS (ESI+) m/z: calcd for C₃₅H₃₂O₄516.2. Found 303.4 [DMT⁺].

X064 alcohol: ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ ppm 3.75 (s, 6H) 4.18 (s, 2H) 4.56 (d, J=5.56 Hz, 2H) 5.24 (t, J=5.81 Hz, 1H) 6.93 (d, J=9.09 Hz, 4H) 7.25 (t, J=7.33 Hz, 1H) 7.32 (d, J=9.09 Hz, 4H) 7.34-7.39 (m, 2H) 7.44 (t, J=8.08 Hz, 4H) 7.82 (dd, J=8.34, 2.27 Hz, 1H) 7.93 (d, J=8.08 Hz, 1H) 8.04 (d, J=8.08 Hz, 2H) 8.59 (d, J=2.02 Hz, 1H). MS (ESI+) m/z: calcd for C₃₄H₃₁NO₄ 517.2. Found 518.8 [MH⁺].

2.J. Synthesis of X063 Succinate Ester

3-(hydroxymethyl)phenol (1, 6.21 g, 50.0 mmol) was dissolved in pyridine (100 mL) and cooled to 0° C. DMT-Cl (16.9 g, 50 mmol) was added and the solution was stirred at rt for 2 h. 500 mL of EtOAc was added, the solution was washed 1× each with 400 mL sat. aq. NaHCO₃, water, and brine. The organic portion was dried with Na₂SO₄, filtered, and concentrated under vacuum. The mixture was re-dissolved in acetone/toluene and concentrated, repeating this process 4-times. The residue was then concentrated under vacuum overnight to give 2 (20.9 g, 98%) as a foamy solid.

¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ ppm 3.74 (s, 6H) 3.97 (s, 2H) 6.66 (dd, J=8.08, 1.52 Hz, 1H) 6.72 (d, J=7.58 Hz, 1H) 6.83 (d, J=1.52 Hz, 1H) 6.89-6.95 (m, 4H) 7.12 (t, J=7.83 Hz, 1H) 7.17 (d, J=7.58 Hz, 1H) 7.27-7.32 (m, 4H) 7.34 (t, J=7.58 Hz, 2H) 7.40-7.46 (m, 2H) 9.37 (s, 1H).

To compound 2 (17.2 g, 36.3 mmol) in acetone (145 mL) was added methyl 4-bromo-3-(bromomethyl)benzoate (3, 11.7 g, 38.1 mmol) and K₂CO₃ (30.1 g, 218 mmol). The flask was evacuated/N₂ backfilled 2×, and heated at reflux overnight under an atmosphere of N₂. After cooling to rt, the mixture was filtered, washing with CH₂Cl₂, and concentrated. The residue was then redissolved in CH₂Cl₂, dried with Na₂SO₄, filtered, and concentrated. To give 4 (24.8 g, 99%) as a foamy solid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ ppm 3.74 (s, 6H) 3.84 (s, 3H) 4.07 (s, 2H) 5.20 (s, 2H) 6.88-6.92 (m, 4H) 6.94-6.98 (m, 2H) 6.99 (d, J=1.52 Hz, 1H) 7.21-7.26 (m, 1H) 7.26-7.30 (m, 5H) 7.30-7.35 (m, 2H) 7.38-7.43 (m, 2H) 7.85 (s, 2H) 8.11 (s, 1H)

To compound 4 (24.8 g, 35.8 mmol) in dimethoxyethane (350 mL) was added Bu₄NBr (17.3 g, 53.7 mmol), Cs₂CO₃ (17.5 g, 53.7 mmol), and Pd(OAc)₂ (2.01 g, 8.96 mmol). The flask was degassed with two cycles of vacuum/N₂ backfill and heated to reflux overnight, under an atmosphere of N₂. After cooling to rt, the mixture was filtered through celite, eluting with THF, and concentrated. The residue was dissolved in 500 mL EtOAc, washed with 400 mL sat. aq. NaHCO₃, 2×400 mL water, and 400 mL of brine. The organic fraction was dried with Na₂SO₄, filtered, and concentrated under vacuum. The residue was purified by silica gel chromatography (CH₂Cl₂/triethylamine), giving 5 (15.1 g, 68%) as a foamy solid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ ppm 3.74 (s, 6H) 3.87 (s, 3H) 4.11 (s, 2H) 5.23 (s, 2H) 6.89-6.96 (m, 4H) 7.01 (d, J=1.52 Hz, 1H) 7.08 (dd, J=8.08, 1.52 Hz, 1H) 7.22-7.27 (m, 1H) 7.29-7.33 (m, 4H) 7.33-7.38 (m, 2H) 7.41-7.46 (m, 2H) 7.88-7.93 (m, 2H) 7.93-7.99 (m, 2H)

Lithium aluminum hydride (43.4 mL of 1.0 M suspension in THF, 43.4 mmol) was added to a solution of compound 5 (12.0 g, 19.3 mmol) in THF (150 mL) at 0° C. After 2 hours at 0° C., the reaction mixture was quenched by dropwise addition of 20 mL EtOAc, with stirring at 0° C. for 10 min. 1.65 mL H₂O, 1.65 mL 20% aq. NaOH, and 4.95 mL H₂O were added successively. The mixture was then stirred at rt for 1 h, dried with Na₂SO₄, filtered through celite, and concentrated under vacuum. The residue was purified by silica gel chromatography (ethyl acetate/heptane/triethylamine), giving 6 (8.47 g, 81%) as a foamy solid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ ppm 3.75 (s, 6H) 4.07 (s, 2H) 4.52 (d, J=5.56 Hz, 2H) 5.13 (s, 2H) 5.21-5.25 (m, 1H) 6.89-6.95 (m, 4H) 6.96 (d, J=1.52 Hz, 1H) 7.03 (dd, J=8.08, 1.52 Hz, 1H) 7.22 (s, 1H) 7.23-7.28 (m, 1H) 7.29-7.33 (m, 4H) 7.33-7.38 (m, 3H) 7.41-7.46 (m, 2H) 7.76 (d, J=7.58 Hz, 1H) 7.81 (d, J=8.08 Hz, 1H). MS (ESI+) m/z: calcd for C₃₆H₃₂O₅544.2. Found 545.2 [MH⁺].

Dimethylaminopyridine (0.124 g, 1.02 mmol) was added to a solution of compound 6 (0.554 g, 1.02 mmol) in pyridine (5 mL) at rt under argon. Succinic anhydride 7 (0.204 g, 2.03 mmol) was added and the solution was stirred at rt for 6 h. 0.5 mL H₂O was added, and the solution was stirred for 30 min. 100 mL of CH₂Cl₂ was added, and the solution was washed 1× with 50 mL cold 10% aq. citric acid and 2× each with 50 mL of water. The aqueous fractions were reextracted with 1×50 mL of CH₂Cl₂. The combined organic fractions were dried with Na₂SO₄, filtered, concentrated under vacuum and then diluted/concentrated 2× with toluene. The residue was purified by silica gel chromatography (dichloromethane/methanol/triethylamine) (49:1/1%), giving 8 (0.78 g, 103%) as a foamy solid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ ppm 1.45 (t, J=7.20 Hz, 2.5H) 2.52-2.60 (m, 2H) 2.65-2.71 (m, 2H) 3.60 (q, J=7.33 Hz, 1.7H) 3.79 (s, 6H) 4.16 (s, 2H) 5.12 (s, 2H) 5.13 (s, 2H) 6.82-6.87 (m, 4H) 7.03 (dd, J=8.08, 1.26 Hz, 1H) 7.08 (s, 1H) 7.17 (s, 1H) 7.19-7.25 (m, 1H) 7.28-7.33 (m, 2H) 7.33-7.37 (m, 1H) 7.38-7.44 (m, 4H) 7.49-7.54 (m, 2H) 7.66 (t, J=7.83 Hz, 2H)

2.K. Synthesis of X066 Succinate Ester

To a 40 mL vial with septa were added 4-bromo-3-(bromomethyl)phenol (1, 0.360 g, 1.25 mmol), methyl 3-(bromomethyl)benzoate (2, 0.856 g, 3.74 mmol), K₂CO₃ (0.516 g, 3.74 mmol), and acetone (6 mL). The vial was evacuated/N₂ backfilled 2×, and heated at 50° C. for 20 h. after cooling to rt, the mixture was filtered washing with CH₂Cl₂, and concentrated under vacuum. The residue was purified by silica gel chromatography (ethyl aceteate/heptane), giving 3 (0.391 g, 62%) as a white solid. ¹′H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ ppm 3.88 (s, 3H) 4.67 (s, 2H) 5.21 (s, 2H) 6.98 (dd, J=8.59, 3.03 Hz, 1H) 7.35 (d, J=3.03 Hz, 1H) 7.52-7.58 (m, 2H) 7.72 (d, J=8.08 Hz, 1H) 7.91-7.95 (m, 1H) 8.05 (s, 1H)

Synthesis of compound 4 is described in the synthesis of X063. To a 40 mL vial with a septa was added compounds 3 (0.390 g, 0.763 mmol), 4 (0.390 g, 0.915 mmol), K₂CO₃ (0.316 g, 2.29 mmol) and acetone (4 mL). The vial was sealed and the contents were evacuated/N₂ backfilled 2×. The vial was then heated at 60° C. for 17 h. After cooling to rt, the mixture was filtered washing with CH₂Cl₂, and concentrated under vacuum. The residue was purified by silica gel chromatography (ethyl aceteate/heptane/triethylamine), giving 5 (0.448 g, 77%) as a foamy solid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ ppm 3.74 (s, 6H) 3.85 (s, 3H) 4.10 (s, 2H) 5.08 (s, 2H) 5.20 (s, 2H) 6.87-6.92 (m, 4H) 6.92-7.02 (m, 4H) 7.19-7.26 (m, 3H) 7.26-7.35 (m, 7H) 7.39-7.45 (m, 2H) 7.50 (t, J=7.83 Hz, 1H) 7.56 (d, J=8.59 Hz, 1H) 7.68 (d, J=7.58 Hz, 1H) 7.90 (d, J=7.58 Hz, 2H) 8.02 (s, 1H)

To compound 5 (0.540 g, 0.569 mmol) in a vial with a septa, was added dimethoxyethane (5.7 mL), Bu₄NBr (0.275 g, 0.853 mmol), Cs₂CO₃ (0.278 g, 0.853 mmol), and Pd(OAc)₂ (0.026 g, 0.11 mmol). The vial was sealed, degassed with two cycles of vacuum/N₂ backfill, and heated at 90° C. overnight. ˜33% conversion was observed after 17 h by LCMS. An additional 0.100 g of Pd(OAc)₂ (0.44 mmol) was added, and the reaction was continued for an additional 24 h. After cooling to rt, the mixture was filtered through celite eluting with EtOAc. The solution was then washed 1× each with aq. sat. NaHCO₃, water and brine. The organic portion was dried with Na₂SO₄, filtered, and concentrated under vacuum. The residue was purified by silica gel chromatography (ethyl aceteate/heptane/triethylamine), giving 6 (0.105 g, 27%) as a foamy solid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ ppm 3.75 (s, 6H) 3.87 (s, 3H) 4.08 (s, 2H) 5.09 (s, 2H) 5.24 (s, 2H) 6.88-6.95 (m, 5H) 6.95-7.00 (m, 2H) 7.05 (dd, J=8.34, 2.78 Hz, 2H) 7.21-7.26 (m, 2H) 7.29-7.36 (m, 6H) 7.39-7.46 (m, 2H) 7.55 (t, J=7.83 Hz, 1H) 7.69-7.77 (m, 3H) 7.92 (d, J=8.08 Hz, 1H) 8.05 (s, 1H)

Compound 6 (0.135 g, 0.199 mmol) in THF (2 mL) was cooled to 0° C., under an atmosphere of N₂. A 1M suspension of LAH in THF (0.477 mL, 0.477 mmol) was added dropwise, and the solution was stirred at 0° C. for 3 h. 1 mL EtOAc was added dropwise, and the solution was stirred at 0° C. for 20 min. 0.018 mL H₂O, 0.018 mL 20% aq. NaOH, and 0.054 mL H₂O were added successively, and the mixture was stirred at rt for 1 h. the mixture was dried with Na₂SO₄, filtered through celite washing with EtOAc, and concentrated under vacuum. The residue was purified by silica gel chromatography (ethyl aceteate/heptane/triethylamine), giving 7 (0.110 g, 85%) as a foamy solid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ ppm 3.75 (s, 6H) 4.08 (s, 2H) 4.52 (d, J=5.56 Hz, 2H) 5.04 (t, J=5.81 Hz, 1H) 5.08 (s, 2H) 5.14 (s, 2H) 6.89-6.94 (m, 5H) 6.95 (d, J=2.53 Hz, 1H) 6.98 (dd, J=8.08, 1.52 Hz, 1H) 7.03 (dd, J=8.59, 2.53 Hz, 1H) 7.24 (t, J=7.33 Hz, 1H) 7.26-7.37 (m, 9H) 7.40-7.46 (m, 3H) 7.72 (d, J=8.08 Hz, 2H). MS (ESI+) m/z: calcd for C₄₃H₃₈O₆650.3. Found 303.4 [DMT⁺].

Dimethylaminopyridine (0.019 g, 0.157 mmol) was added to a solution of compound 7 (0.102 g, 0.157 mmol) in pyridine (3 mL) at rt under argon. Succinic anhydride 8 (0.031 g, 0.313 mmol) was added, and the solution was stirred at rt for 16 h. 0.5 mL of H₂O was added and the solution was stirred for 30 min. 50 mL of CH₂Cl₂ was added, the solution was washed 1× with 25 mL cold 10% aq. citric acid and 2× each with 25 mL of water. The aqueous fractions were re-extracted with 1×25 mL of CH₂Cl₂. The organic fractions were dried with Na₂SO₄, filtered, concentrated under vacuum, and diluted/concentrated 2× with toluene. The residue was purified by silica gel chromatography (dichloromethane/methanol/triethylamine) (49:1/1%), giving 9 (0.10 g, 76%) as an oil. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ ppm 1.46 (t, J=7.33 Hz, 2.1H) 2.57 (t, J=6.82 Hz, 2H) 2.68 (t, J=6.82 Hz, 2H) 3.61 (q, J=7.16 Hz, 1.4H) 3.80 (s, 6H) 4.15 (s, 2H) 5.09 (s, 2H) 5.09 (s, 2H) 5.15 (s, 2H) 6.78 (d, J=2.53 Hz, 1H) 6.82-6.88 (m, 4H) 6.95-7.04 (m, 2H) 7.06 (s, 1H) 7.18-7.25 (m, 1H) 7.28-7.36 (m, 3H) 7.36-7.46 (m, 7H) 7.50-7.55 (m, 2H) 7.61 (dd, J=8.34, 2.27 Hz, 2H)

2.L. Synthesis of X051 Succinate

Ester

The synthesis of compound 1 is described in the synthesis of X063. Compound 1 (6.70 g, 12.3 mmol) was dissolved in THF (123 mL), evacuated/N₂ purged 2×, and cooled to 0° C. A 60% dispersion of NaH in mineral oil was added (0.886 g, 36.9 mmol), and the mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 20 min. Methyl 3-(bromomethyl)benzoate (2, 3.38 g, 14.8 mmol) was then added, and the mixture was stirred at rt for 20 h. The reaction mixture was then diluted with 400 mL of EtOAc and washed 1× with 400 mL sat. aq. NaHCO₃. The aqueous layer was back-extracted with 200 mL of EtOAc, and the combined organic layers were washed 1× each with 400 mL water and brine. The organic portion was dried with Na₂SO₄, filtered, and concentrated under vacuum. The residue was purified by silica gel chromatography (ethyl aceteate/heptane/triethylamine), giving 3 (6.55 g, 77%) as a foamy solid. The product contained ˜13% of the corresponding ethyl ester that was carried forward to the next step as an equivalent precursor. Methyl ester: ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ ppm 1.32 (t, J=7.07 Hz, 0.38H) 3.74 (s, 6H) 3.86 (s, 2.52H) 4.08 (s, 2H) 4.32 (q, J=7.07 Hz, 0.25H) 4.58 (s, 2H) 4.64 (s, 2H) 5.14 (s, 2H) 6.93 (d, J=8.59 Hz, 4H) 6.97 (d, J=1.52 Hz, 1H) 7.04 (dd, J=8.08, 1.52 Hz, 1H) 7.25 (t, J=7.33 Hz, 1H) 7.28 (s, 1H) 7.31 (d, J=9.09 Hz, 4H) 7.33-7.41 (m, 3H) 7.44 (d, J=7.58 Hz, 2H) 7.53 (t, J=7.83 Hz, 1H) 7.66 (d, J=8.08 Hz, 1H) 7.80 (d, J=8.08 Hz, 1H) 7.83 (d, J=8.08 Hz, 1H) 7.90 (d, J=7.58 Hz, 1H) 7.97 (s, 1H)

Compound 3 in THF was cooled to 0° C. and placed under an atmosphere of N₂. A 1M suspension of LAH in THF (22.5 mL, 22.5 mmol) was added dropwise, and the solution was stirred at 0° C. for 2 h. 1 mL EtOAc was added dropwise, and the solution was stirred at 0° C. for 20 min. Then 0.86 mL H₂O, 0.86 mL 20% aq. NaOH, and 2.58 mL H₂O were added successively. The mixture was stirred at rt for 1 h, dried with Na₂SO₄, filtered through celite washing with EtOAc, and concentrated under vacuum. The residue was purified by silica gel chromatography (ethyl aceteate/heptane/triethylamine), giving 4 (5.98 g, 96%) as a foamy solid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ ppm 3.74 (s, 6H) 4.08 (s, 2H) 4.50 (d, J=6.06 Hz, 2H) 4.55 (s, 2H) 4.55 (s, 2H) 5.14 (s, 2H) 5.18 (t, J=5.81 Hz, 1H) 6.93 (d, J=8.59 Hz, 4H) 6.97 (d, J=1.01 Hz, 1H) 7.01-7.06 (m, 1H) 7.21-7.28 (m, 4H) 7.28-7.33 (m, 5H) 7.33-7.40 (m, 4H) 7.41-7.46 (m, 2H) 7.80 (d, J=8.08 Hz, 1H) 7.83 (d, J=8.08 Hz, 1H). MS (ESI+) m/z: calcd for C₄₄H₄₀O₆664.3. Found 665.3 [MH⁺].

Dimethylaminopyridine (0.37 g, 3.01 mmol) was added to a solution of compound 4 (2.00 g, 3.01 mmol) in pyridine (15 mL) at rt under argon. Succinic anhydride 7 (0.60 g, 6.02 mmol) was added, and the solution was stirred at rt for 17 h. 1 mL of H₂O was added and the solution was stirred for 1 h. 100 mL of CH₂Cl₂ was added, and the solution was washed 1× with 50 mL cold 10% aq. citric acid and 2× each with 50 mL of water. The aqueous fractions were re-extracted with 1×50 mL of CH₂Cl₂. The combined organic fractions were dried with Na₂SO₄, filtered, concentrated under vacuum, and diluted/concentrated 2× with toluene. The residue was purified by silica gel chromatography (dichloromethane/methanol/triethylamine) (39:1/1%), giving 6 (2.48 g, 95%) as an oil. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ ppm 1.17 (t, J=7.33 Hz, 14.2H) 2.56 (t, J=6.69 Hz, 2H) 2.68 (t, J=7.45 Hz, 2H) 2.84 (q, J=7.33 Hz, 9.5H) 3.80 (s, 6H) 4.16 (s, 2H) 4.57 (s, 2H) 4.58 (s, 2H) 5.14 (s, 2H) 5.14 (s, 2H) 6.82-6.88 (m, 4H) 7.01-7.05 (m, 1H) 7.09 (s, 1H) 7.18 (s, 1H) 7.19-7.25 (m, 1H) 7.28-7.34 (m, 5H) 7.34-7.38 (m, 2H) 7.39-7.44 (m, 4H) 7.49-7.55 (m, 2H) 7.68 (dd, J=7.96, 4.42 Hz, 2H)

2.M. Synthesis of X097 Succinate Ester

(3-((bis(4-methoxyphenyl)(phenyl)methoxy)methyl)-5-bromophenyl)methanol (2)

A solution of 5-bromo-1,3-dihydroxymethyl benzene 1 (3.00 g, 13.8 mmol), 4,4′-dimethoxytrityl chloride (4.68 g, 13.8 mmol) in pyridine (60 mL) was stirred at room temperature for 16 h. The reaction mixture was partitioned between EtOAc and water. The EtOAc layer was dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄ and evaporated. The crude product was purified by flash chromatography eluting with 1% Et₃N in 5-30% EtOAc/Heptane to provide 2.57 g (36%) of 2. MS (ESI+) m/z: calcd for C₂₉H₂₇BrO₄ 518.1. Found 303.5 [DMT]⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) b 7.54-7.48 (m, 2H), 7.47-7.37 (m, 6H), 7.36-7.29 (m, 2H), 7.27-7.21 (m, 2H), 6.87 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 4H), 4.67 (d, J=6.0 Hz, 2H), 4.22 (s, 2H), 3.82 (s, 6H), 1.67 (t, J=6.0 Hz, 1H).

(3′-(benzyloxy)-5-((bis(4-methoxyphenyl)(phenyl)methoxy)methyl)-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)methanol (4)

To a mixture of bromide 2 (0.50 g, 0.963 mmol), 3-benzyloxybenzene boronic acid 3 (0.263 g, 1.155 mmol) and Pd(PPh₃)₄ (0.111 g, 0.096 mmol) in 1,4-dioxane (6 mL) under nitrogen atmosphere was added 2M aq. Na₂CO₃ (1.44 mL). The mixture was heated at reflux overnight. The reaction is then cooled to room temperature and partitioned between EtOAc and sat. aq. NaHCO₃. The organic layer was evaporated and the crude product was purified by flash chromatography eluting with 1% Et₃N in 5-30% EtOAc/Heptane to provide 0.454 g (70%) of 4. MS (ESI+) m/z: calcd for C₄₂H₃₈O₅622.3. Found 303.5 [DMT]⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO) δ 7.52-7.43 (m, 5H), 7.41-7.29 (m, 12H), 7.27-7.16 (m, 3H), 7.01 (m, 1H), 6.95-6.86 (m, 4H), 5.18 (s, 2H), 5.07 (t, J=5.8 Hz, 1H), 4.57 (d, J=5.8 Hz, 2H), 4.18 (s, 2H), 3.74 (s, 6H).

To a solution of 452 mg (0.726 mmol) 4 and 89 mg (0.726 mmol) N,N-dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP) in 5 mL dry pyridine under argon was added 145 mg (1.45 mmol) succinic anhydride (5). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 18 h and then 0.5 mL water was added. Stirring was continued for 30 min. The reaction mixture was diluted with 100 mL dichloromethane and washed with 50 mL ice-cold 10% aqueous citric acid and water (2×50 mL). The aqueous layers were reextracted with 50 mL dichloromethane. The combined organic layers were dried over Na₂SO₄ and evaporated. The remaining oil was coevaporated twice with toluene and the crude product purified by silica gel chromatography (dichloromethane/methanol/triethylamine 94:5:1) to give 510 mg (0.619 mmol, 85%) 6 as a colorless foam. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃): 1.22 (t, J=7.3 Hz, 9H), 2.57-2.59 (m, 2H), 2.67-2.69 (m, 2H), 2.97 (q, J=7.3 Hz, 6H), 3.79 (s, 6H), 4.24 (s, 2H), 5.14 (s, 2H), 5.18 (s, 2H), 5.72 (s br., 1H), 6.84-6.88 (m, 4H), 6.98 (ddd, J=0.7, 2.2, 8.2 Hz, 1H), 7.19-7.54 (m, 20H).

2.N. Synthesis of X098 Succinate Ester

(3-((bis(4-methoxyphenyl)(phenyl)methoxy)methyl)-5-bromophenyl)methanol (2)

Same as above

A solution of 5-bromo-1,3-dihydroxymethyl benzene 1 (3.00 g, 13.8 mmol), 4,4′-dimethoxytrityl chloride (4.68 g, 13.8 mmol) in pyridine (60 mL) was stirred at room temperature for 16 h. The reaction mixture was partitioned between EtOAc and water. The EtOAc layer was dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄ and evaporated. The crude product was purified by flash chromatography eluting with 1% Et₃N in 5-30% EtOAc/Heptane to provide 2.57 g (36%) of 2. MS (ESI+) m/z: calcd for C₂₉H₂₇BrO₄ 518.1. Found 303.5 [DMT]⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.54-7.48 (m, 2H), 7.47-7.37 (m, 6H), 7.36-7.29 (m, 2H), 7.27-7.21 (m, 2H), 6.87 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 4H), 4.67 (d, J=6.0 Hz, 2H), 4.22 (s, 2H), 3.82 (s, 6H), 1.67 (t, J=6.0 Hz, 1H).

(5-((bis(4-methoxyphenyl)(phenyl)methoxy)methy)-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)methanol (4)

To a mixture of the bromide 2 (0.500 g, 0.960 mmol), benzene boronic acid 3 (0.141 g, 1.16 mmol), and Pd(PPh₃)₄ (0.111 g, 0.096 mmol) in 1,4-dioxane (6 mL) under nitrogen atmosphere was added 2M aq. Na₂CO₃ (1.44 mL). The mixture was heated at reflux overnight. The reaction was then cooled to room temperature and partitioned between EtOAc and sat. aq. NaHCO₃. The organic layer was evaporated and the crude product was purified by flash chromatography eluting with 1% Et₃N in 5-30% EtOAc/Heptane to provide 0.380 g (76%) of 4. MS (ESI+) m/z: calcd for C₃₅H₃₂O₄516.2. Found 303.5 [DMT]⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO) δ 7.61 (dd, J=8.3, 1.3 Hz, 2H), 7.51-7.42 (m, 5H), 7.39-7.28 (m, 9H), 7.27-7.20 (m, 1H), 6.95-6.86 (m, 4H), 5.08 (t, J=5.8 Hz, 1H), 4.57 (d, J=5.8 Hz, 2H), 4.19 (s, 2H), 3.74 (s, 6H).

To a solution of 380 mg (0.736 mmol) 4 and 90 mg (0.736 mmol) N,N-dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP) in 5 mL dry pyridine under argon was added 147 mg (1.47 mmol) succinic anhydride (5). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 18 h and then 0.5 mL water was added. Stirring was continued for 30 min. The reaction mixture was diluted with 100 mL dichloromethane and washed with 50 mL ice-cold 10% aqueous citric acid and water (2×50 mL). The aqueous layers were reextracted with 50 mL dichloromethane. The combined organic layers were dried over Na₂SO₄ and evaporated. The remaining oil was coevaporated twice with toluene and the crude product purified by silica gel chromatography (dichloromethane/methanol/triethylamine 94:5:1) to give 460 mg (0.641 mmol, 87%) 6 as an off-white foam. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃): 1.22 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 9H), 2.59 (t, J=7.1 Hz, 2H), 2.71 (t, J=7.1 Hz, 2H), 2.94 (q, J=7.2 Hz, 6H), 3.81 (s, 6H), 4.26 (s, 2H), 5.20 (s, 2H), 6.04 (s br., 1H), 6.85-6.89 (m, 4H), 7.22-7.55 (m, 15H), 7.62 (d, J=7.9 Hz, 2H).

2.O. Synthesis of siRNA Conjugated with X109

ss-siRNA=antisense single strand sequence used in conjugation=U002pUpApApU004pU004pApU004pCpU004pApU004pU004pCpCpGpU005pA005pC027 (SEQ ID NO: 44)

002=DNA

004=2′Ome

005=2′MOE

C0027=ribitol

p=phosphate

Thus, in this and various other sequences disclosed herein, U004 indicates a nucleotide with a U base with a 2′Ome modification; U002 indicates a nucleotide with a U base which is DNA; U005 indicates a base with a U base with a 2′MOE modification. Similarly, other nucleotides are modified, e.g., C004 indicates a nucleotide with a C base and a 2′Ome modification.

X006=O—(CH₂)—NH₂

A mixture of 1 (100 mg, 0.361 mmol), N-hydroxysuccinimide (83 mg, 0.721 mmol) and DCC (149 mg, 0.721 mmol) in DCE (4 mL) was stirred at RT for 12 h. The reaction mixture was quenched with sat. aq. NaHCO₃ (4 mL). The organic layer was separated from the water layer, and was washed with water (1 mL) and brine (1 mL). The organic solvent was removed under vacuum. The crude product was purified by recrystallization from methanol to give 2 (27.7 mg, 0.074 mmol) in 21% yield. ESI MS (m/z, MH⁺): 375.4; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CHLOROFORM-d) δ ppm 2.85 (d, J=5.52 Hz, 4H) 2.89 (s, 3H) 3.94 (s, 2H) 7.31-7.48 (m, 4H) 7.49-7.64 (m, 3H) 7.71 (t, J=6.78 Hz, 1H) 8.12 (br. s., 1H).

To 2 (2.23 mg, 5.96 umol) in DMSO (73.2 uL) was added a freshly prepared ss-siRNA-(CH₂)₃—NH₂ solution (3.66 mg, 0.596 umol in 73.2 uL PBS 8.5 buffer). The reaction mixture was vortexed and sat at RT for 30 min. The crude product was purified by HPLC with 5-60% 100 mM triethylammonium acetate in acetonitrile/water to afford 3 (1.09 mg, 0.164 umol) in 27.5% yield. TOF MS (ES⁻): 6403.

2.P. Synthesis of siRNA Conjugated with X110

A mixture of 1 (500 mg, 1.40 mmol), Pd (30% on carbon, 24.9 mg, 0.070 mmol), and acetic acid (80 ul, 1.40 mmol) in methanol (15 mL) was stirred at RT under H₂ (1 atm) for 12 h. The reaction mixture was filtered to remove Pd/C. To the solution was added aq. 1M NaOH (3 mL), and the resulting mixture was heated at 60° C. for 12 h. The mixture was cooled to RT and neutralized with aq. 1M HCl to give form a precipitate. The precipitate was collected by vacuum filtration and dried in the oven to give 2 (166 mg, 0.63 mmol) with 45% yield. ESI MS (m/z, MH⁺): 264.4. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ ppm 3.58 (s, 2H) 7.18-7.39 (m, 3H) 7.44-7.65 (m, 4H) 7.75 (ddd, J=8.28, 6.78, 1.51 Hz, 1H) 8.01-8.20 (m, 1H) 8.91 (s, 1H) 12.47 (s, 1H).

A mixture of 2 (87.6 mg, 0.333 mmol), N-hydroxysuccinimide (77.0 mg, 0.665 mmol) and DCC (137 mg, 0.665 mmol) in DCM (4 mL) was stirred at RT for 12 h. The reaction mixture was quenched with sat. aq. NaHCO₃ (4 mL). The organic layer was separated from the water layer, and was washed with water (1 mL) and brine (1 mL). The organic solvent was removed under vacuum. The crude product was purified by recrystallization from methanol to give 3 (27.7 mg, 0.074 mmol) in 49% yield. ESI MS (m/z, MH⁺): 361.2. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ ppm 2.79 (br. s., 4H) 4.05 (s, 2H) 7.29-7.37 (m, 2H) 7.40 (s, 1H) 7.50-7.64 (m, 4H) 7.80 (s, 1H) 8.10 (s, 1H) 9.02 (s, 1H).

To 3 (1.76 mg, 4.88 umol) in DMSO (240 uL) was added a freshly ss-siRNA-(CH₂)₃—NH₂ solution (2 mg, 0.325 umol in 40 uL PBS 8.5 buffer). The reaction mixture was vortexed and sat at RT for 30 min. The crude product was purified by HPLC with 5-60% 100 mM triethylammonium acetate in acetonitrile/water to afford 4 (0.526 mg, 0.082 umol) in 25% yield. TOF MS (ES⁻): 6388.

2. Q. Synthesis of siRNA Conjugated with X111

1 is Commercial, but Synthesis is not Known in the Literature

A mixture of 1 (81 mg, 0.308 mmol), N-hydroxysuccinimide (70.8 mg, 0.615 mmol) and DCC (127 mg, 0.615 mmol) in DCM (4 mL) was stirred at RT for 12 h. The reaction mixture was quenched with sat. aq. NaHCO₃ (4 mL). The organic layer was separated from the water layer, and was washed with water (1 mL) and brine (1 mL). The organic solvent was removed under vacuum. The crude product was purified by recrystallization from methanol to give 2 (43.7 mg, 0.121 mmol) in 39% yield. ESI MS (m/z, MH⁺): 361.4. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, METHANOL-d₄) δ ppm 2.82 (s, 4H) 4.07 (s, 2H) 7.36-7.42 (m, 2H) 7.46-7.51 (m, 1H) 7.55-7.64 (m, 3H) 7.70-7.77 (m, 2H) 8.20 (dt, J=4.52, 2.26 Hz, 1H) 9.29 (s, 1H).

To 2 (2.35 mg, 6.51 umol) in DMSO (240 uL) was added a freshly ss-siRNA-(CH₂)₃—NH₂ solution (2 mg, 0.325 umol in 80 uL PBS 8.5 buffer). The reaction mixture was vortexed and sat at RT for 30 min. The crude product was purified by HPLC with 5-60% 100 mM triethylammonium acetate in acetonitrile/water to afford 3 (0.68 mg, 0.082 umol) in 33% yield. TOF MS (ES⁻): 6390.

2.R. Synthesis of siRNA Conjugated with X112

A mixture of 1 (100 mg, 0.325 mmol), tert-butylchlorodimethylsilane (108 mg, 0.716 mmol) and imidazole (91 mg, 1.33 mmol) in DMF (4 mL) was stirred at RT for 48 h. The reaction mixture was quenched with water (4 mL) and extracted with ethyl acetate (3×5 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with water and brine, and dried over sodium sulfate. The organic solvent was then removed under vacuum. The crude product was purified by silica chromatography with 0-50% ethyl acetate/heptane to give 2 (55 mg, 0.13 mmol) in 40% yield. ESI MS (m/z, MH⁺): 422.2. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CHLOROFORM-d) δ ppm 0.04 (m, 6H) 0.88-0.93 (m, 9H) 3.59 (t, J=6.78 Hz, 2H) 3.71 (s, 2H) 4.09 (t, J=6.78 Hz, 2H) 7.28-7.45 (m, 4H) 7.51-7.61 (m, 3H) 7.63-7.68 (m, 1H) 9.00 (s, 1H).

A mixture of N-hydroxysuccinimide (2.73 mg, 0.024 mmol), 2 (5.0 mg, 0.012 mmol), and DIC (2 mg, 0.325 umol) in DMSO (200 uL) was stirred at RT for 12 h. 10 uL reaction mixture was diluted with 190 uL DMSO. To the resulting solution was added a freshly ss-siRNA-(CH₂)₃—NH₂ solution (2.19 mg, 0.356 umol in 80 ul PBS 8.5 buffer). The reaction mixture was vortexed and sat at RT for 2 h. The crude product was purified by HPLC with 10-40% 100 mM triethylammonium acetate in acetonitrile/water to afford 3 (0.79 mg, 0.123 umol) in 35% yield. TOF MS (ES⁻): 6435.

2.S. Synthesis of siRNA Conjugated with X113

1 is commercial and synthesis is known in the literature. Zhang, Yan et al. From PCT int. Appl., 2010083384, 22 Jul. 2010,

A mixture of N-hydroxysuccinimide (6.18 mg, 0.054 mmol), 1 (5.0 mg, 0.027 mmol), and DIC (6.77 mg, 0.054 mmol) in DMSO (200 uL) was stirred at RT for 12 h. 10 uL of reaction mixture was diluted with 190 uL DMSO. To the resulting solution was added a freshly ss-siRNA-(CH₂)₃—NH₂ solution (2.46 mg, 0.401 umol in 80 uL PBS 8.5 buffer). The reaction mixture was vortexed and sat at RT for 2 h. The crude product was purified by HPLC with 10-40% 100 mM triethylammonium acetate in acetonitrile/water to afford 2 (0.24 mg, 0.038 umol) in 10% yield. TOF MS (ES⁻): 6315.

2. S. 1. General Procedure for the High Density Loading of Controlled Pore Glass Supports with PAZ Ligand Succinates

In an Erlenmeyer flask 1.00 mmol PAZ ligand succinate salt 1 was dissolved in 50 mL dry acetonitrile under argon. To this solution 353 mg (1.10 mmol) O-(1H-benzo-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)-N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyl-uronium tetrafluoroborate (TBTU) was added and the solution shaken for 10 min. Then 10 g long chain alkylamine controlled pore glass (LCAA/CNA-600-CPG, PrimeSynthesis, 2) was added and the reaction mixture gently agitated for 5 min. Finally, 0.685 mL (517 mg, 4.00 mmol) Hünig's base was added and the flask gently shaken for 24 h on an orbital shaker. Loading density was assessed by detritylating an aliquote of the CPG (3-5 mg CPG washed with acetonitrile, dried in vacuo, added to 25 mL 3% dichloroacetic acid in dichloromethane (v/v), absorbance at 504 nm determined). If loading density was in the desired range (60-90 micromol/g), the CPG was filtered off and washed extensively with acetonitrile. Underivatized amino groups were capped by treating the CPG with x mL each of a mixture of acetic anhydride/2,6-lutidine/THF 1:1:8 (v/v/v) and a solution of 1-methylimidazole in THF 16:84 (v/v). The mixture was gently shaken for 15 min at room temperature. Then the CPG was filtered off, washed with acetonitrile and dried under vacuum overnight. Loading density was determined again as above. Loading yields for the succinates in examples 1-6 were in the range of 64-75 micromol/g.

2. T. Synthesis of siRNA Conjugated with X1011

A mixture of N-hydroxysuccinimide (2.489 mg, 0.022 mmol), 1 (3.0 mg, 0.011 mmol), and DIC (2.73 mg, 0.022 mmol) in DMSO (200 uL) was stirred at RT for 12 h. 10 uL of reaction mixture was diluted with 190 uL DMSO. To the resulting solution was added a freshly ss-siRNA-(CH₂)₄—NH₂ solution (2.00 mg, 0.325 umol in 80 uL PBS 8.5 buffer). The reaction mixture was vortexed and sat at RT for 2 h. The crude product was purified by HPLC with 10-40% 100 mM triethylammonium acetate in acetonitrile/water to afford 2. TOF MS (ES⁻): 6418.

2. U. Synthesis of siRNA Conjugated with X1012 and X1018

A mixture of 1 (500 mg, 1.40 mmol), Pd (30% on carbon, 24.9 mg, 0.070 mmol), and acetic acid (80 ul, 1.40 mmol) in methanol (15 mL) was stirred at RT under H₂ (1 atm) for 12 h. The reaction mixture was filtered to remove Pd/C. To the solution was added aq. 1M NaOH (3 mL), and the resulting mixture was heated at 60° C. for 12 h. The mixture was cooled to RT and neutralized with aq. 1M HCl to give form a precipitate. The precipitate was collected by vacuum filtration and dried in the oven to give 2 (166 mg, 0.63 mmol) with 45% yield. ESI MS (m/z, MH⁺): 264.4. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ ppm 3.58 (s, 2H) 7.18-7.39 (m, 3H) 7.44-7.65 (m, 4H) 7.75 (ddd, J=8.28, 6.78, 1.51 Hz, 1H) 8.01-8.20 (m, 1H) 8.91 (s, 1H) 12.47 (s, 1H).

A mixture of N-hydroxysuccinimide (2.489 mg, 0.022 mmol), 2 (2.85 mg, 0.011 mmol), and DIC (2.73 mg, 0.022 mmol) in DMSO (200 uL) was stirred at RT for 12 h. 10 uL of reaction mixture was diluted with 190 uL DMSO. To the resulting solution was added a freshly ss-siRNA-(CH₂)₄—NH₂ solution (2.00 mg, 0.325 umol in 80 uL PBS 8.5 buffer). The reaction mixture was vortexed and sat at RT for 2 h. The crude product was purified by HPLC with 10-40% 100 mM triethylammonium acetate in acetonitrile/water to afford 3. ESI MS (ES⁺): 6405.

2. U. Synthesis of siRNA Conjugated with X1018

Scheme 3: Overview of the Synthesis of 4

A mixture of N-hydroxysuccinimide (2.483 mg, 0.022 mmol), 2 (2.84 mg, 0.011 mmol), and DIC (2.72 mg, 0.022 mmol) in DMSO (200 uL) was stirred at RT for 12 h. 10 uL of reaction mixture was diluted with 190 uL DMSO. To the resulting solution was added a freshly ss-siRNA-(CH₂)₅—NH₂ solution (2.00 mg, 0.325 umol in 80 uL PBS 8.5 buffer). The reaction mixture was vortexed and sat at RT for 2 h. The crude product was purified by HPLC with 10-40% 100 mM triethylammonium acetate in acetonitrile/water to afford 4.

2. V. Synthesis of siRNA Conjugated with X1013

A mixture of N-hydroxysuccinimide (2.489 mg, 0.022 mmol), 2 (2.85 mg, 0.011 mmol), and DIC (2.73 mg, 0.022 mmol) in DMSO (200 uL) was stirred at RT for 12 h. 10 uL of reaction mixture was diluted with 190 uL DMSO. To the resulting solution was added a freshly ss-siRNA-(CH₂)₄—NH₂ solution (2.00 mg, 0.325 umol in 80 uL PBS 8.5 buffer). The reaction mixture was vortexed and sat at RT for 2 h. The crude product was purified by HPLC with 10-40% 100 mM triethylammonium acetate in acetonitrile/water to afford 2. TOF MS (ES⁻): 6404.

2.W. Synthesis of siRNA Conjugated with X1019

A mixture of 1 (100 mg, 0.325 mmol), tert-butylchlorodimethylsilane (108 mg, 0.716 mmol) and imidazole (91 mg, 1.33 mmol) in DMF (4 mL) was stirred at RT for 48 h. The reaction mixture was quenched with water (4 mL) and extracted with ethyl acetate (3×5 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with water and brine, and dried over sodium sulfate. The organic solvent was then removed under vacuum. The crude product was purified by silica chromatography with 0-50% ethyl acetate/heptane to give 2 (55 mg, 0.13 mmol) in 40% yield. ESI MS (m/z, MH⁺): 422.2. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CHLOROFORM-d) δ ppm 0.04 (m, 6H) 0.88-0.93 (m, 9H) 3.59 (t, J=6.78 Hz, 2H) 3.71 (s, 2H) 4.09 (t, J=6.78 Hz, 2H) 7.28-7.45 (m, 4H) 7.51-7.61 (m, 3H) 7.63-7.68 (m, 1H) 9.00 (s, 1H).

A mixture of N-hydroxysuccinimide (2.48 mg, 0.022 mmol), 2 (4.55 mg, 0.011 mmol), and DIC (2.72 mg, 0.022 mmol) in DMSO (200 uL) was stirred at RT for 12 h. 10 uL reaction mixture was diluted with 190 uL DMSO. To the resulting solution was added a freshly ss-siRNA-(CH₂)₃—NH₂ solution (2 mg, 0.324 umol in 80 ul PBS 8.5 buffer). The reaction mixture was vortexed and sat at RT for 2 h. The crude product was purified by HPLC with 10-40% 100 mM triethylammonium acetate in acetonitrile/water to afford 3. TOF MS (ES⁻): 6462.

2. X. Synthesis of siRNA Conjugated with X1015

A mixture of N-hydroxysuccinimide (2.49 mg, 0.022 mmol), 1 (2.02 mg, 0.011 mmol), and DIC (2.73 mg, 0.022 mmol) in DMSO (200 uL) was stirred at RT for 12 h. 10 uL of reaction mixture was diluted with 190 uL DMSO. To the resulting solution was added a freshly ss-siRNA-(CH₂)₄—NH₂ solution (2 mg, 0.325 umol in 80 uL PBS 8.5 buffer). The reaction mixture was vortexed and sat at RT for 2 h. The crude product was purified by HPLC with 10-40% 100 mM triethylammonium acetate in acetonitrile/water to afford 2. TOF MS (ES⁻): 6327.

2.Y. Synthesis of siRNA Conjugated with X1020

A mixture of N-hydroxysuccinimide (2.48 mg, 0.022 mmol), 1 (2.02 mg, 0.011 mmol), and DIC (2.72 mg, 0.022 mmol) in DMSO (200 uL) was stirred at RT for 12 h. 10 uL of reaction mixture was diluted with 190 uL DMSO. To the resulting solution was added a freshly ss-siRNA-(CH₂)₅—NH₂ solution (2 mg, 0.324 umol in 80 uL PBS 8.5 buffer). The reaction mixture was vortexed and sat at RT for 2 h. The crude product was purified by HPLC with 10-40% 100 mM triethylammonium acetate in acetonitrile/water to afford 2. TOF MS (ES⁻): 6341.

2. Z. Synthesis of siRNA Conjugated with X1009

To AlCl₃ (1.19 g, 8.93 mmol, 40 ml Toluene solution) under N₂ was added 4-methoxyaniline (1 g, 8.12 mmol, 10 ml Toluene solution) dropwise. BCl₃ (8.12 ml, 8.12 mmol, 1 M solution in CH₂Cl₂) and Benzonitrile (2.51 g, 24.36 mmol) were added to the above mixture subsequently. The resulting mixture was stirred at RT for 1 h, then heated at 110° C. for 6 hrs. The reaction mixture was cooled to RT, to which aq. HCl (1 M, 13 ml) was added. The solution was then heated at 80° C. for 1 h. The solution was cooled to RT, and the organic layer and water layer were separated. The water layer was extracted with ethyl acetate (3×50 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with water and brine, and dried over sodium sulfate. The organic solvent was then removed under vacuum. The crude product was purified by silica chromatography with 0-40% ethyl acetate/heptane to give 1 (273 mg, 1.2 mmol) in 15% yield. ESI MS (m/z, MH⁺): 227.3. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CHLOROFORM-d) δ ppm 3.66 (s, 3H) 6.80 (d, J=8.84 Hz, 1H) 6.93-7.05 (m, 2H) 7.40-7.49 (m, 2H) 7.49-7.58 (m, 1H) 7.63-7.72 (m, 2H).

A mixture of 1 (269 mg, 1.18 mmol) and ethyl 4-chloro-4-oxobutanoate (214 mg, 1.3 mmol) in DCM (10 ml) was heated at 60° C. for 1 h. The reaction mixture was cooled and quenched with aq. 1 M NaOH (5 ml). Organic layer and water layer were separated. The water layer was extracted with dichloromethane (3×5 ml). The combined organic layers were washed with water and brine, and dried over sodium sulfate. The organic solvent was then removed under vacuum. The crude product was purified by silica chromatography with 0-60% ethyl acetate/heptane to give 2 (305 mg, 0.86 mmol) in 73% yield. ESI MS (m/z, MH⁺): 355.5. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CHLOROFORM-d) δ ppm 1.26 (t, J=7.28 Hz, 3H) 2.74 (s, 4H) 3.77 (s, 3H) 4.16 (q, J=7.03 Hz, 2H) 7.06 (d, J=3.01 Hz, 1H) 7.14 (dd, J=9.03, 3.01 Hz, 1H) 7.48-7.55 (m, 2H) 7.60-7.66 (m, 1H) 7.73-7.79 (m, 2H) 8.50 (d, J=9.03 Hz, 1H) 10.45 (br. s., 1H).

A mixture of 2 (305 mg, 0.86 mmol) and sodium hydride (343 mg, 8.58 mmol) in ethanol (10 ml) was heated at 80° C. for 2 h. The reaction mixture was cooled to RT and quenched with water (5 ml) then neutralized with aq. 1 M HCl (2 ml). The resulting solution was extracted with ethyl acetate (3×10 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with water and brine, and dried over sodium sulfate. The organic solvent was then removed under vacuum to give 3 (250 mg, 0.81 mmol) in 94% yield. ESI MS (m/z, MH⁺): 309.3. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, METHANOL-d₄) δ ppm 3.38 (s, 2H) 3.63 (s, 3H) 6.51 (d, J=2.51 Hz, 1H) 7.20 (dd, J=9.03, 3.01 Hz, 1H) 7.28-7.47 (m, 3H) 7.52-7.63 (m, 3H).

A solution of 3 (250 mg, 0.81 mmol) in POCl₃ (10 ml) was stirred at RT for 2 h. POCl₃ was removed under vacuum, the resulting residue was quenched with ethanol (20 ml). The solution was stirred at RT for 1 h, then ethanol was removed under vacuum. To the residue was added dichloromethane (30 ml) and aq. 1 M NaOH (20 ml). Organic layer and water layer were separated. The water layer was extracted with dichloromethane (2×20 ml). The combined organic layers were washed with water, brine and dried over sodium sulfate. The organic solvent was removed under vacuum to give 4 (270 mg, 0.8 mmol) in 99% yield. ESI MS (m/z, MH⁺): 338.2. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CHLOROFORM-d) δ ppm 1.23-1.27 (m, 3H) 3.48 (s, 2H) 3.66 (s, 3H) 4.04-4.22 (m, 2H) 6.55 (d, J=2.51 Hz, 1H) 7.09-7.15 (m, 1H) 7.24 (d, J=9.03 Hz, 1H) 7.29-7.34 (m, 2H) 7.44-7.64 (m, 3H) 10.49 (br. s., 1H).

A solution of 4 (270 mg, 0.8 mmol) in POCl₃ (10 ml) was heated at 11° C. for 12 h. POCl₃ was removed under vacuum. To the residue was added dichloromethane (20 ml) and aq. 1 M NaOH (20 ml). The organic layer and water layer were separated. The water layer was extracted with dichloromethane (2×20 ml). The combined organic layers were washed with water, brine and dried over sodium sulfate. The organic solvent was removed under vacuum to give 5 (265 mg, 0.75 mmol) in 92% yield. ESI MS (m/z, MH⁺): 356.1. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CHLOROFORM-d) δ ppm 1.22-1.27 (m, 3H) 3.70 (s, 5H) 4.17 (q, J=7.03 Hz, 2H) 6.62 (d, J=3.01 Hz, 1H) 7.20-7.34 (m, 2H) 7.38 (dd, J=9.03, 2.51 Hz, 1H) 7.46-7.63 (m, 3H) 8.01 (d, J=9.03 Hz, 1H).

A mixture of 5 (265 mg, 0.745 mmol), triethylamine (1.28 g, 12.66 mmol), and Pd/C (10%, 79 mg, 0.745 mmol) in ethanol (20 ml) was stirred under H₂ (1 atm) at RT for 12 h. The reaction mixture was filtered to remove Pd/C. The organic solvent was removed under vacuum to give 6 (182 mg, 0.57 mmol) in 76% yield. ESI MS (m/z, MH⁺): 322.1. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CHLOROFORM-d) δ ppm 1.12 (t, J=7.15 Hz, 3H) 3.51 (s, 2H) 3.62 (s, 3H) 4.01 (q, J=7.19 Hz, 2H) 6.61 (d, J=2.76 Hz, 1H) 7.18-7.31 (m, 3H) 7.39-7.50 (m, 3H) 7.97 (d, J=9.29 Hz, 1H) 8.68 (s, 1H).

A mixture of 6 (50 mg, 0.16 mmol), aq. 1 M LiOH (0.17 ml, 0.17 mmol) in Dioxane (1 ml) was stirred at RT for 48 hrs. A precipitation from the reaction mixture was filtered and dried to give 7 (32 mg, 0.107 mmol) in 69% yield as lithium salt. ESI MS (m/z, MH⁺): 294.2. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, METHANOL-d₄) δ ppm 3.48 (s, 2H) 3.63-3.73 (m, 3H) 6.75 (d, J=2.51 Hz, 1H) 7.28-7.43 (m, 3H) 7.48-7.64 (m, 3H) 7.94 (d, J=9.03 Hz, 1H) 8.73 (s, 1H).

A mixture of N-hydroxysuccinimide (2.49 mg, 0.022 mmol), 7 (3.18 mg, 0.011 mmol), and DIC (2.74 mg, 0.022 mmol) in DMSO (200 uL) was stirred at RT for 12 h. 10 uL of reaction mixture was diluted with 190 uL DMSO. To the resulting solution was added a freshly ss-siRNA-(CH₂)₃—NH₂ solution (2 mg, 0.325 umol in 80 uL PBS 8.5 buffer). The reaction mixture was vortexed and sat at RT for 2 h. The crude product was purified by HPLC with 10-40% 100 mM triethylammonium acetate in acetonitrile/water to afford 8. TOF MS (ES⁻): 6422.

2. AA. Synthesis of siRNA Conjugated with X1016

A mixture of N-hydroxysuccinimide (2.49 mg, 0.022 mmol), 7 (3.18 mg, 0.011 mmol), and DIC (2.74 mg, 0.022 mmol) in DMSO (200 uL) was stirred at RT for 12 h. 10 uL of reaction mixture was diluted with 190 uL DMSO. To the resulting solution was added a freshly ss-siRNA-(CH₂)₄—NH₂ solution (2 mg, 0.325 umol in 80 uL PBS 8.5 buffer). The reaction mixture was vortexed and sat at RT for 2 h. The crude product was purified by HPLC with 10-40% 100 mM triethylammonium acetate in acetonitrile/water to afford 9. TOF MS (ES⁻): 6434.

2. BB. Synthesis of siRNA Conjugated with X1021

A mixture of N-hydroxysuccinimide (2.48 mg, 0.022 mmol), 7 (3.16 mg, 0.011 mmol), and DIC (2.72 mg, 0.022 mmol) in DMSO (200 uL) was stirred at RT for 12 h. 10 uL of reaction mixture was diluted with 190 uL DMSO. To the resulting solution was added a freshly ss-siRNA-(CH₂)₅—NH₂ solution (2 mg, 0.325 umol in 80 uL PBS 8.5 buffer). The reaction mixture was vortexed and sat at RT for 2 h. The crude product was purified by HPLC with 10-40% 100 mM triethylammonium acetate in acetonitrile/water to afford 10. TOF MS (ES⁻): 6448.

2. CC. Synthesis of siRNA Conjugated with X1010

To BCl₃ (10.74 ml, 10.74 mmol, 1 M solution in CH₂Cl₂) under N₂ was added aniline (1 g, 10.74 mmol, 10 ml Toluene solution) dropwise. 3-methoxybenzonitrile (4.29 g, 32.2 mmol) and AlCl₃ (1.575 g, 11.81 mmol, 40 ml Toluene solution) were added to the above mixture subsequently. The resulting mixture was stirred at RT for 1 h, then heated at 110° C. for 6 hrs. The reaction mixture was cooled to RT, to which aq. HCl (1 M, 13 ml) was added. The solution was then heated at 80° C. for 1 h. The solution was cooled to RT, and the organic layer and water layer were separated. The water layer was extracted with ethyl acetate (3×50 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with water and brine, and dried over sodium sulfate. The organic solvent was then removed under vacuum. The crude product was purified by silica chromatography with 0-40% ethyl acetate/heptane to give 1 (875 mg, 3.85 mmol) in 36% yield. ESI MS (m/z, MH⁺): 227.9. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CHLOROFORM-d) δ ppm 3.74 (s, 3H) 6.00 (br. s., 2H) 6.44-6.56 (m, 1H) 6.63 (dd, J=8.53, 1.00 Hz, 1H) 6.93-7.00 (m, 1H) 7.04-7.11 (m, 2H) 7.14-7.31 (m, 2H) 7.37 (dd, J=8.03, 1.51 Hz, 1H).

A mixture of 1 (570 mg, 2.51 mmol) and ethyl 4-chloro-4-oxobutanoate (454 mg, 2.76 mmol) in DCM (20 ml) was heated at 60° C. for 1 h. The reaction mixture was cooled and quenched with aq. 1 M NaOH (5 ml). The organic layer and water layer were separated. The water layer was extracted with dichloromethane (3×15 ml). The combined organic layers were washed with water and brine, and dried over sodium sulfate. The organic solvent was then removed under vacuum to give 2 (824 mg, 2.32 mmol) in 92% yield. ESI MS (m/z, MH⁺): 355.4. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CHLOROFORM-d) δ ppm 1.25-1.48 (m, 3H) 2.73-3.01 (m, 4H) 3.88 (s, 3H) 4.18 (q, J=7.07 Hz, 2H) 7.05-7.20 (m, 2H) 7.22-7.30 (m, 2H) 7.37-7.45 (m, 1H) 7.53-7.64 (m, 2H) 8.64 (d, J=8.59 Hz, 1H) 10.90 (br. s., 1H).

A mixture of 2 (824 mg, 2.32 mmol) and sodium hydride (927 mg, 23.19 mmol) in ethanol (20 ml) was heated at 80° C. for 2 h. The reaction mixture was cooled to RT and quenched with water (5 ml) then neutralized with aq. 1 M HCl (2 ml). The resulting solution was extracted with ethyl acetate (3×10 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with water and brine, and dried over sodium sulfate. The organic solvent was then removed under vacuum to give 3 (583 mg, 0.81 mmol) in 81% yield. ESI MS (m/z, MH⁺): 310.1. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CHLOROFORM-d) δ ppm 3.49-3.64 (m, 2H) 3.83-3.89 (m, 3H) 6.83-6.96 (m, 2H) 7.00-7.28 (m, 4H) 7.37-7.56 (m, 4H) 12.02-12.32 (m, 2H).

A solution of 3 (583 mg, 1.89 mmol) in POCl₃ (10 ml) was stirred at RT for 2 h. POCl₃ was removed under vacuum, the resulting residue was quenched with ethanol (20 ml). The solution was stirred at RT for 1 h, then ethanol was removed under vacuum. To the residue was added dichloromethane (30 ml) and aq. 1 M NaOH (20 ml). Organic layer and water layer were separated. The water layer was extracted with dichloromethane (2×20 ml). The combined organic layers were washed with water, brine and dried over sodium sulfate. The organic solvent was removed under vacuum to give 4 (760 mg, 2.25 mmol) in 120% yield. ESI MS (m/z, MH⁺): 338.1. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CHLOROFORM-d) δ ppm 1.26 (t, J=7.07 Hz, 3H) 3.44-3.64 (m, 2H) 3.85 (s, 3H) 4.17 (q, J=7.16 Hz, 2H) 6.85-6.93 (m, 2H) 7.03 (ddd, J=8.46, 2.65, 1.01 Hz, 1H) 7.11 (ddd, J=8.21, 6.95, 1.01 Hz, 1H) 7.17 (dd, J=8.21, 1.39 Hz, 1H) 7.32-7.39 (m, 1H) 7.40-7.52 (m, 2H) 11.43 (br. s., 1H)

A solution of 4 (760 mg, 2.25 mmol) in POCl₃ (10 ml) was heated at 110° C. for 12 h. POCl₃ was removed under vacuum. To the residue was added dichloromethane (20 ml) and aq. 1 M NaOH (20 ml). The organic layer and water layer were separated. The water layer was extracted with dichloromethane (2×20 ml). The combined organic layers were washed with water, brine and dried over sodium sulfate. The organic solvent was removed under vacuum to give 5 (650 mg, 1.83 mmol) in 97% yield. ESI MS (m/z, MH⁻): 355.4. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CHLOROFORM-d) δ ppm 1.25 (t, J=7.28 Hz, 3H) 3.75 (d, J=1.00 Hz, 2H) 3.85 (s, 3H) 4.18 (q, J=7.03 Hz, 2H) 6.78-6.92 (m, 2H) 6.97-7.13 (m, 1H) 7.39-7.60 (m, 3H) 7.76 (d, J=2.01 Hz, 1H) 8.15 (d, J=8.53 Hz, 1H).

A mixture of 5 (650 mg, 1.83 mmol), triethylamine (3.14 g, 31.1 mmol), and Pd/C (10%, 194 mg, 1.827 mmol) in ethanol (20 ml) was stirred under H₂ (1 atm) at RT for 12 h. The reaction mixture was filtered to remove Pd/C. The organic solvent was removed under vacuum to give 6 (460 mg, 1.43 mmol) in 78% yield. ESI MS (m/z, MH⁺): 321.5. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CHLOROFORM-d) δ ppm 1.20-1.26 (m, 3H) 1.44 (t, J=7.53 Hz, 9H) 3.12 (qd, J=7.28, 4.77 Hz, 6H) 3.65 (s, 2H) 3.79-3.93 (m, 3H) 4.12 (q, J=7.19 Hz, 2H) 6.82-6.92 (m, 2H) 7.06 (ddd, J=8.53, 2.51, 1.00 Hz, 1H) 7.39-7.58 (m, 3H) 7.72 (ddd, J=8.41, 6.65, 1.51 Hz, 1H) 8.19 (d, J=8.53 Hz, 1H) 8.93 (s, 1H) 12.20 (br. s., 3H).

To a solution of 6 (400 mg, 1.245 mmol) in DCM (15 ml) was added BBr₃ (1 M in DCM, 3.73 ml, 3.73 mmol) at −78° C. The reaction mixture was warmed to RT in 2 h. The mixture was cooled down to −78° C., and quenched with ethanol. The organic solvent was removed under vacuum. To the resulting residue was added ethyl acetate (15 ml) and water (15 ml). The organic and water layer were separated. The water layer was extracted with ethyl acetate (3×15 ml). The combined organic layers were washed with water, brine and dried over sodium sulfate. The organic solvent was removed under vacuum. The crude was purified by recrystallization from dichloromethane to give 7 (282 mg, 0.92 mmol) in 74% yield. ESI MS (m/z, MH⁺): 308.2. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ ppm 1.11 (t, J=7.03 Hz, 3H) 3.68 (s, 2H) 3.91-4.11 (m, 2H) 6.50-6.70 (m, 2H) 6.81-6.97 (m, 1H) 7.30-7.48 (m, 2H) 7.51-7.63 (m, 1H) 7.78 (ddd, J=8.53, 7.03, 1.51 Hz, 1H) 8.08 (d, J=8.03 Hz, 1H) 8.93 (s, 1H) 9.75 (br. s., 1H).

A mixture of 7 (20 mg, 0.065 mmol), benzyl bromide (16.69 mg, 0.098 mmol) and cesium carbonate (42.4 mg, 0.13 mmol) in DMF (500 ul) was stirred at RT for 12 hrs. The reaction mixture was filtered to remove insoluable material. The crude product was purified by HPLC with 5% NH₄OH in 5-95% acetonitrile/water to give 8 (6.9 mg, 0.017 mmol) in 26.7% yield. ESI MS (m/z, MH⁺): 398.3. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CHLOROFORM-d) δ ppm 1.22 (t, J=7.03 Hz, 3H) 3.64 (s, 2H) 4.12 (q, J=7.03 Hz, 2H) 5.11 (s, 2H) 6.76-7.02 (m, 2H) 7.13 (ddd, J=8.53, 2.51, 1.00 Hz, 1H) 7.31-7.56 (m, 8H) 7.71 (ddd, J=8.28, 6.78, 2.01 Hz, 1H) 8.17 (d, J=8.53 Hz, 1H) 8.92 (s, 1H).

A mixture of 8 (6.9 mg, 0.017 mmol), aq. 1 M LiOH (0.019 ml, 0.019 mmol) in Dioxane (0.5 ml) was stirred at RT for 12 hrs. The organic solvent was removed under vacuum to give 9 (6 mg, 0.016 mmol) in 92% yield as lithium salt. ESI MS (m/z, MH⁺): 370.2. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, METHANOL-d₄) δ ppm 3.42-3.60 (m, 2H) 5.07-5.19 (m, 2H) 6.94 (dt, J=7.53, 1.25 Hz, 1H) 7.06 (dd, J=2.51, 1.51 Hz, 1H) 7.14 (ddd, J=8.53, 2.51, 1.00 Hz, 1H) 7.25-7.42 (m, 3H) 7.42-7.53 (m, 2H) 7.70 (ddd, J=8.41, 4.64, 3.51 Hz, 2H) 8.04 (d, J=8.03 Hz, 1H) 8.56 (s, 2H) 8.88 (s, 1H).

A mixture of N-hydroxysuccinimide (2.49 mg, 0.022 mmol), 9 (4.08 mg, 0.011 mmol), and DIC (2.74 mg, 0.022 mmol) in DMSO (200 uL) was stirred at RT for 12 h. 10 uL of reaction mixture was diluted with 190 uL DMSO. To the resulting solution was added a freshly ss-siRNA-(CH₂)₃—NH₂ solution (2 mg, 0.325 umol in 80 uL PBS 8.5 buffer). The reaction mixture was vortexed and sat at RT for 2 h. The crude product was purified by HPLC with 10-40% 100 mM triethylammonium acetate in acetonitrile/water to afford 10. TOF MS (ES⁺): 6495.

2. DD. Synthesis of siRNA Conjugated with X1017

A mixture of N-hydroxysuccinimide (2.49 mg, 0.022 mmol), 9 (4.07 mg, 0.011 mmol), and DIC (2.73 mg, 0.022 mmol) in DMSO (200 uL) was stirred at RT for 12 h. 10 uL of reaction mixture was diluted with 190 uL DMSO. To the resulting solution was added a freshly ss-siRNA-(CH₂)₄—NH₂ solution (2 mg, 0.325 umol in 80 uL PBS 8.5 buffer). The reaction mixture was vortexed and sat at RT for 2 h. The crude product was purified by HPLC with 10-40% 100 mM triethylammonium acetate in acetonitrile/water to afford 11. TOF MS (ES⁻): 6510.

2. EE. Synthesis of siRNA Conjugated with X1022

A mixture of N-hydroxysuccinimide (2.48 mg, 0.022 mmol), 9 (4.06 mg, 0.011 mmol), and DIC (2.72 mg, 0.022 mmol) in DMSO (200 uL) was stirred at RT for 12 h. 10 uL of reaction mixture was diluted with 190 uL DMSO. To the resulting solution was added a freshly ss-siRNA-(CH₂)₅—NH₂ solution (2 mg, 0.325 umol in 80 uL PBS 8.5 buffer). The reaction mixture was vortexed and sat at RT for 2 h. The crude product was purified by HPLC with 10-40% 100 mM triethylammonium acetate in acetonitrile/water to afford 12. TOF MS (ES⁻): 6524.

2. FF. Synthesis of siRNA Conjugated with X1024

A mixture of N-hydroxysuccinimide (2.5 mg, 0.0522 mmol), 1 (2.5 mg, 0.013 mmol), and DIC (2.74 mg, 0.022 mmol) in DMSO (200 uL) was stirred at RT for 12 h. 10 uL of reaction mixture was diluted with 190 uL DMSO. To the resulting solution was added a freshly ss-siRNA-(CH₂)₃—NH₂ solution (2.0 mg, 0.325 umol in 80 uL PBS 8.5 buffer). The reaction mixture was vortexed and sat at RT for 2 h. The crude product was purified by HPLC with 10-40% 100 mM triethylammonium acetate in acetonitrile/water to afford 2. TOF MS (ES⁻): 6315.

2. GG. Synthesis of siRNA Conjugated with X1026

A mixture of N-hydroxysuccinimide (2.49 mg, 0.022 mmol), 1 (2.02 mg, 0.011 mmol), and DIC (2.73 mg, 0.022 mmol) in DMSO (200 uL) was stirred at RT for 12 h. 10 uL of reaction mixture was diluted with 190 uL DMSO. To the resulting solution was added a freshly ss-siRNA-(CH₂)₄—NH₂ solution (2 mg, 0.325 umol in 80 uL PBS 8.5 buffer). The reaction mixture was vortexed and sat at RT for 2 h. The crude product was purified by HPLC with 10-40% 100 mM triethylammonium acetate in acetonitrile/water to afford 2. TOF MS (ES⁻): 6327.

2. HH. Synthesis of siRNA Conjugated with X1025

A mixture of N-hydroxysuccinimide (2.49 mg, 0.022 mmol), 1 (2.84 mg, 0.01 mmol), and DIC (2.74 mg, 0.022 mmol) in DMSO (200 uL) was stirred at RT for 12 h. 10 uL of reaction mixture was diluted with 190 uL DMSO. To the resulting solution was added a freshly ss-siRNA-(CH₂)₃—NH₂ solution (2.0 mg, 0.325 umol in 80 uL PBS 8.5 buffer). The reaction mixture was vortexed and sat at RT for 2 h. The crude product was purified by HPLC with 10-40% 100 mM triethylammonium acetate in acetonitrile/water to afford 2. TOF MS (ES⁻): 6390.

2. II. Synthesis of siRNA Conjugated with X1027

Scheme 16: Overview of the Synthesis of 2

A mixture of N-hydroxysuccinimide (2.49 mg, 0.022 mmol), 1 (2.84 mg, 0.011 mmol), and DIC (2.73 mg, 0.022 mmol) in DMSO (200 uL) was stirred at RT for 12 h. 10 uL of reaction mixture was diluted with 190 uL DMSO. To the resulting solution was added a freshly ss-siRNA-(CH₂)₄—NH₂ solution (2 mg, 0.325 umol in 80 uL PBS 8.5 buffer). The reaction mixture was vortexed and sat at RT for 2 h. The crude product was purified by HPLC with 10-40% 100 mM triethylammonium acetate in acetonitrile/water to afford 2. TOF MS (ES⁻): 6404.

2. JJ. Synthesis of siRNA Conjugated with X1028

A mixture of N-hydroxysuccinimide (2.48 mg, 0.022 mmol), 1 (2.90 mg, 0.011 mmol), and DIC (2.72 mg, 0.022 mmol) in DMSO (200 uL) was stirred at RT for 12 h. 10 uL of reaction mixture was diluted with 190 uL DMSO. To the resulting solution was added a freshly ss-siRNA-(CH₂)₅—NH₂ solution (2 mg, 0.324 umol in 80 uL PBS 8.5 buffer). The reaction mixture was vortexed and sat at RT for 2 h. The crude product was purified by HPLC with 10-40% 100 mM triethylammonium acetate in acetonitrile/water to afford 2. TOF MS (ES⁻): 6417.

2.KK. Synthesis of siRNA Conjugated with X1062

To AlCl₃ (7.88 g, 59.1 mmol) in Toluene (200 ml) was added aniline (5 g, 53.7 mmol, 4.59 ml, in 50 ml Toluene) dropwise under N₂. 3-bormobenzonitrile (29.3 g, 161 mmol) was added to the above mixture subsequently. The resulting mixture was stirred at RT for 1 h, then heated at 110° C. for 6 hrs. The reaction mixture was cooled to RT, to which aq. HCl (1 M, 3 ml) was added. The solution was then heated at 80° C. for 1 h. The solution was cooled to RT, and the organic layer and water layer were separated. The water layer was extracted with ethyl acetate (3×100 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with water and brine, and dried over sodium sulfate. The organic solvent was then removed under vacuum. The crude product was purified by silica chromatography with 0-40% ethyl acetate/heptane to give 1 (4.31 g, 15.6 mmol) in 29% yield. ESI MS (m/z, MH⁺): 278.1 ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CHLOROFORM-d) δ ppm 6.16 (br. s., 2H) 6.64 (t, J=7.53 Hz, 1H) 6.76 (d, J=8.53 Hz, 1H) 7.29-7.49 (m, 3H) 7.56 (d, J=7.53 Hz, 1H) 7.67 (d, J=8.03 Hz, 1H) 7.74-7.84 (m, 1H)

A mixture of 1 (1.02 g, 3.69 mmol) and ethyl 4-chloro-4-oxobutanoate (0.669 g, 4.06 mmol) in DCM (60 ml) was heated at 60° C. for 1 h. The reaction mixture was cooled and quenched with aq. 1 M NaOH (15 ml). The organic layer and water layer were separated. The water layer was extracted with dichloromethane (3×50 ml). The combined organic layers were washed with water and brine, and dried over sodium sulfate. The organic solvent was then removed under vacuum to give 2 (1.44 g, 3.56 mmol) in 96% yield. ESI MS (m/z, MH⁺): 406.2. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 10.88 (s, 1H), 8.65 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.86 (d, J=1.8 Hz, 1H), 7.74 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.65-7.51 (m, 3H), 7.39 (t, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.12 (t, J=7.7 Hz, 1H), 4.17 (q, J=7.1 Hz, 2H), 2.77 (dt, J=10.3, 5.2 Hz, 4H), 1.27 (t, J=7.1 Hz, 4H).

A mixture of 2 (1.44 g, 3.56 mmol) and sodium hydride (1.425 g, 35.6 mmol) in ethanol (20 ml) was heated at 80° C. for 2 h. The reaction mixture was cooled to RT and quenched with water (5 ml) then neutralized with aq. 1 M HCl (2 ml). The resulting solution was extracted with ethyl acetate (3×50 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with water and brine, and dried over sodium sulfate. The organic solvent was then removed under vacuum to give 3 (1.2 g, 3.63 mmol) in 94% yield. ESI MS (m/z, MH⁻): 360.2. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 11.71-11.63 (m, 1H), 11.55-11.42 (m, 3H), 11.37 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 1H), 11.30-11.22 (m, 1H), 11.12 (td, J=7.6, 7.0, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 11.00 (dd, J=8.2, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 7.33 (d, J=3.5 Hz, 2H), 4.87-4.82 (m, 2H).

A solution of 3 (1.2 g, 1.89 mmol) in POCl₃ (15 ml) was stirred at RT for 2 h. POCl₃ was removed under vacuum, the resulting residue was quenched with ethanol (50 ml). The solution was stirred at RT for 2 h, then ethanol was removed under vacuum. To the residue was added dichloromethane (50 ml) and aq. 1 M NaOH (20 ml). Organic layer and water layer were separated. The water layer was extracted with dichloromethane (2×50 ml). The combined organic layers were washed with water, brine and dried over sodium sulfate. The organic solvent was removed under vacuum to give 4 (1.76 mg, 4.56 mmol) in 136% yield. ESI MS (m/z, MH⁺): 388.2. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 7.65 (dt, J=8.2, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 7.54-7.46 (m, 2H), 7.45-7.37 (m, 2H), 7.27 (dt, J=7.8, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 7.17-7.04 (m, 2H), 4.18-4.16 (m, 2H), 3.50 (d, J=1.5 Hz, 2H), 1.27 (h, J=3.7 Hz, 3H).

A solution of 4 (1.76 g, 4.56 mmol) in POCl₃ (10 ml) was heated at 110° C. for 12 h. POCl₃ was removed under vacuum. To the residue was added dichloromethane (50 ml) and aq. 1 M NaOH (20 ml). The organic layer and water layer were separated. The water layer was extracted with dichloromethane (2×50 ml). The combined organic layers were washed with water, brine and dried over sodium sulfate. The organic solvent was removed under vacuum to give 5 (440 mg, 1.09 mmol) in 32.5% yield. ESI MS (m/z, MH⁺): 406.0. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 8.14-8.05 (m, 1H), 7.76 (ddd, J=8.4, 6.9, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 7.69 (ddd, J=8.0, 1.9, 1.0 Hz, 1H), 7.53-7.41 (m, 3H), 7.36 (dd, J=8.3, 1.3 Hz, 1H), 7.26 (dt, J=7.7, 1.3 Hz, 1H), 4.19 (q, J=7.1 Hz, 2H), 3.72 (s, 2H), 1.27 (t, J=7.1 Hz, 3H).

A mixture of 5 (50 mg, 0.124 mmol), Zinc power (40.4 mg, 0.618 mmol) in TFA (1 ml) was heated at 40° C. for 12 h. The reaction mixture was quenched with NaOH (1M, 1 ml). The organic layer was extracted with dichloromethane (2×10 ml). The combined organic layers were washed with water, brine and dried over sodium sulfate. The organic solvent was removed under vacuum. The crude product was purified by silica flash chromotograph with elute 0-50% EtOAc/Heptane to give 6 (39 mg, 0.105 mmol) in 85% yield. ESI MS (m/z, MH⁺): 372.1. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CHLOROFORM-d) ppm 1.24 (t, J=7.15 Hz, 3H) 3.63 (s, 2H) 4.02-4.27 (m, 2H) 7.12-7.33 (m, 1H) 7.37-7.61 (m, 4H) 7.61-7.71 (m, 1H) 7.75 (t, J=1.51 Hz, 1H) 8.21 (d, J=8.53 Hz, 1H) 8.94 (s, 1H).

A mixture of 4-(2-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)ethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-2-one) (255 mg, 1.05 mmol), 6 (39 mg, 0.105 mmol), (Brettphos)paddadium(II) phenethylamine chloride (4.21 mg, 5.27 umol) and 1M aqueous K₃PO₄ (421 uL, 0.421 mmol) in 2-Me THF (500 uL) and DMF (500 uL) was heated at 80° C. for 12 h. The reaction mixture was filtered to remove insoluable material. The organic solvent was removed under vacuum. The crude was purified by HPLC with 5% TFA in 5-95% acetonitrile/water to give 7 (15 mg, 0.04 mmol) in 37.5% yield. ESI MS (m/z, MH⁺): 380.4. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CHLOROFORM-d) ppm 1.22 (td, J=7.15, 2.26 Hz, 3H) 1.73-1.92 (m, 2H) 2.72-2.98 (m, 2H) 3.49 (dd, J=11.04, 7.53 Hz, 1H) 3.56-3.84 (m, 4H) 4.04-4.20 (m, 2H) 7.15 (d, J=7.53 Hz, 1H) 7.13 (d, J=8.78 Hz, 1H) 7.37 (d, J=7.53 Hz, 1H) 7.43-7.56 (m, 3H) 7.74 (br. s., 1H) 8.22 (br. s., 1H) 8.94 (br. s., 1H).

A mixture of 7 (15 mg, 0.04 mmol) and aq. 1 M LiOH (87 uL ml, 0.087 mmol) in dioxane (200 ul) was stirred at RT for 12 hrs. The organic solvent was removed under vacuum to give 8 (14.17 mg, 0.04 mmol) in 100% yield as lithium salt. ESI MS (m/z, MH⁺): 352.4. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, METHANOL-d₄) δ ppm 1.62-1.80 (m, 1H) 1.80-1.98 (m, 1H) 2.78 (ddd, J=13.33, 6.76, 3.16 Hz, 1H) 2.84-2.99 (m, 1H) 3.46-3.55 (m, 3H) 3.55-3.68 (m, 3H) 6.98-7.25 (m, 2H) 7.31-7.59 (m, 4H) 7.74 (ddd, J=8.40, 6.38, 1.89 Hz, 1H) 8.06 (d, J=8.34 Hz, 1H) 8.86 (s, 1H).

A mixture of 8 (14 mg, 0.039 mmol), TBDMSCl and imidazole (43.6 mg, 0.641 mmol) in DMF (4 ml) was stirred at RT for 24 hrs. The reaction mixture was quenched with water (1 ml). The organic layer was extracted with ethylestate (3×5 ml). The combined organic layers were washed with water, brine and dried over sodium sulfate. The organic solvent was removed under vacuum. The crude product was purified by silica flash chromotograph with elute 0-50% EtOAc/Heptane to give 9 (15.9 mg, 0.025 mmol) in 63.2% yield. ESI MS (m/z, MH⁺): 580.6. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, METHANOL-d₄) δ ppm-0.12-0.13 (m, 8H) 0.69-0.98 (m, 12H) 1.17-1.36 (m, 5H) 2.60-2.90 (m, 2H) 3.38-3.62 (m, 6H) 3.73 (d, J=4.55 Hz, 1H) 7.02-7.15 (m, 2H) 7.24-7.38 (m, 1H) 7.39-7.47 (m, 3H) 7.64-7.74 (m, 1H) 7.98-8.06 (m, 1H) 8.68-8.89 (m 1H).

A mixture of N-hydroxysuccinimide (2.49 mg, 0.022 mmol), 9 (6.26 mg, 0.011 mmol), and DIC (2.74 mg, 0.022 mmol) in DMSO (200 uL) was stirred at RT for 12 hrs. 10 uL of reaction mixture was diluted with 190 uL DMSO. To the resulting solution was added a freshly ss-siRNA-(CH₂)₃—NH₂ solution (2 mg, 0.325 umol in 80 uL PBS 8.5 buffer). The reaction mixture was vortexed and sat at RT for 2 h. The crude product was purified by HPLC with 10-40% 100 mM triethylammonium acetate in acetonitrile/water to afford 10. TOF MS (ES⁻): 6478.

2.LL. Synthesis of siRNA Conjugated with X1063

A mixture of N-hydroxysuccinimide (2.49 mg, 0.022 mmol), 9 (6.26 mg, 0.011 mmol), and DIC (2.73 mg, 0.022 mmol) in DMSO (200 uL) was stirred at RT for 12 h. 10 uL of reaction mixture was diluted with 190 uL DMSO. To the resulting solution was added a freshly ss-siRNA-(CH₂)₄—NH₂ solution (2 mg, 0.325 umol in 80 uL PBS 8.5 buffer). The reaction mixture was vortexed and sat at RT for 2 h. The crude product was purified by HPLC with 10-40% 100 mM triethylammonium acetate in acetonitrile/water to afford 11. TOF MS (ES⁻): 6492.

2.MM. Synthesis of siRNA Conjugated with X1064

A mixture of N-hydroxysuccinimide (2.48 mg, 0.022 mmol), 9 (6.26 mg, 0.011 mmol), and DIC (2.72 mg, 0.022 mmol) in DMSO (200 uL) was stirred at RT for 12 h. 10 uL of reaction mixture was diluted with 190 uL DMSO. To the resulting solution was added a freshly ss-siRNA-(CH₂)₅—NH₂ solution (2 mg, 0.325 umol in 80 uL PBS 8.5 buffer). The reaction mixture was vortexed and sat at RT for 2 h. The crude product was purified by HPLC with 10-40% 100 mM triethylammonium acetate in acetonitrile/water to afford 12. TOF MS (ES⁻): 6506.

Example 3. 18-Mer RNAi Agents Comprising a Spacer, a Phosphate or Modified Internucleoside Linker and a 3′ End Cap (e.g., PAZ Ligand)

RNA interference activity of 18-mer duplexes comprising a spacer, a phosphate or modified internucleoside linker, and any of various 3′ end caps is analyzed. In vitro and in vivo potency is studied, as shown in Example 3A (in vitro data) and 3B (in vivo data).

Example 3A. In Vitro Potency of 18-Mer RNAi Agents Comprising a Spacer, a Phosphate or Modified Internucleoside Linker, and a 3′ End Cap (PAZ Ligand)

Potency of 18-mer HAMP (Hepcidin) siRNA-PAZ Ligand Conjugates is studied.

A variety of constructs were made using the same two sequences. Some of these have or do not have a modification at the last two nt at the 3′ end (2′-MOE, or MOE). Some of these have or do not have a ribitol spacer (Rib). A variety of 3′ end caps is also used.

Hepcidin mRNA down regulation in HuH-7 cells is studied at 3 doses.

Two test sequences used are hs_HAMP_400 and 402. “hs” indicates “Homo sapiens”. 400 is a sequence beginning at position 400 and 402 is an overlapping sequence beginning at position 402

Parent stem format: A106S42 (2′-OMe chemistry, as shown in FIGS. 5A and 5B). Various other hs_HAMP 400 and 402 are depicted in FIGS. 5A (Guide or antisense strand) and 5B (corresponding Sense strand).

Results are shown in FIGS. 4A and 4B and 7 and in Table 5, below.

FIGS. 4A and 4B show the in vitro RNA interference or KD (knockdown) mediated by various RNAi agents comprising a 3′ end cap: BP (biphenyl), C6, X027, X038, X050, X051, X052, X058, X059, X060, X061, X062, X063, X064, X065, X066, X067, X068, and X069 on the guide (antisense) strand. The circled data points in FIGS. 4A and 4B represent the most potent format for hs_HAMP_400 and the most potent format for the hs_HAMP_402.

Additional data is provided in Table 5, below. This Table indicates the Nickname (“Oligo Identifier”) for the 3′ end cap, and the DMT, Succinate and Carboxylate variants thereof; the Carboxylate Kd; the KD (knockdown) mediated by a Hepcidin RNAi agent comprising the 3′ end cap (format: S402+ribitol+MOE clamp) at 5 nM in vitro; and the approximate (approx.) IC50

TABLE 6 Oligo Hepcidin Hepcidin Identifier KD at 5 nM (approx.) (Nickname) in vitro (%) IC50 BP 68 2.3 (biphenyl) X027 57 3.3 X038 62 2.6 X050 61 4.0 X051 61 3.4 X052 64 3.0 X058 68 2.7 X059 55 4.1 X060 65 3.5 X061 61 3.0 X062 63 3.5 X063 56 3.7 X064 60 3.1 X065 66 3.0 X066 49 4.9 X067 66 2.5 X068 63 3.0 X069 81 1.5 C6 66 2.6

FIG. 6 shows the residual gene activity (wherein residual gene activity=100%-KD) of mouse Hepcidin mm-reporter levels at 72 hours in COS1 cells after various doses of 18-mer RNAi agents comprising a spacer, a phosphate or modified internucleoside linker, and 3′ end cap, at a range from 1.57 nM to 15 nM. The format of the strands is indicated. The 3′ end of the sense strand terminates in a 2′ MOE-clamp-ribp (ribitol spacer)-C6. The 3′ end of the antisense strand terminates in a 2′ MOE-clamp-ribp (ribitol spacer)-ligand, wherein the ligands used were 3′ end caps (X027, X058, X067, etc.).

These data thus show the efficacy of various RNAi agents having the 18-mer format wherein the 3′ end cap is BP (biphenyl), C6, X027, X038, X050, X051, X052, X058, X059, X060, X061, X062, X063, X064, X065, X066, X067, X068, or X069.

Example 3B. In Vivo Potency of 18-Mer RNAi Agents Comprising a 3′ End Cap (PAZ Ligand)

Example 3A showed the in vitro potency of various 18-mer RNAi agents comprising a 3′ end cap. Example 3B shows the in vivo potency of various 18-mer RNAi agents comprising a 3′ end cap.

These in vivo experiments used these parameters:

Mice (n=5/group) injected via IV bolus (tail vein): LNP569

-   -   PBS     -   LNP569-Hamp254-X052 (SL52-49CE)-3 mg/kg     -   LNP569-Hamp254-X058 (IL54-43-XE)-3 mg/kg     -   LNP569-Hamp254-X067 (YL55-48RE)-3 mg/kg     -   LNP569-Hamp254-X038 (CL51-551E)-3 mg/kg     -   LNP569-Hamp254-X069 (GA35-240F)-3 mg/kg     -   LNP569-Hamp254-X027 (ML59-39NE)-3 mg/kg     -   LNP569-Hamp254-C6 control-3 mg/kg     -   LNP569 is a lipid nanoparticle preparation of the RNAi agent.

Two timepoints—48 and 168 hrs post-injection (both 3 mg/kg).

Assess hepcidin knockdown in liver (mRNA-qPCR)

Key questions are asked:

Are PAZ domain ligands active in vivo? (This is tested at the 48 hour timepoint.)

Do PAZ domain ligands provide benefit for duration of knockdown? (This is tested at the 168 hour timepoint.)

The results are shown in FIGS. 7A and 7B.

FIGS. 7A and 7B show that in both the ABI Hamp1 Taqman assay (FIG. 7A) and the Hamp1 specific Taqman Assay (FIG. 7B) all of the RNAi agents were able to mediate Hepcidin knockdown in vivo at 48 hours post-dose, with a 1×3 mg/kg dose. 3′ end caps used were: X052, X058, X067, X038, X069, and X027, with C6 as a control.

The finding that 18-mer RNAi agents with 3′ end caps of X052, X058, X067, X038, X069, X027, or C6 are still able to mediate RNA interference at 48 hours indicates that the 3′ end caps protect the RNAi agents against degradation or digestion (e.g., by nucleases in the serum).

FIG. 8A shows that in the Hamp1 specific Taqman assay, the 18-mer duplex comprising the X058 3′ end cap was still able to mediate RNA interference (measured by Hepcidin knockdown) at 168 hours post-dose in vivo. Thus, >50% knockdown was observed in mice after 7 days with a single dose.

These data thus show the efficacy of RNAi agents having the 18-mer format, wherein the 3′ end cap is X052, X058, X067, X038, X069, X027, or C6.

Example 3C. Interaction of X058 with Ago2

Without being bound by any particular theory, this disclosure notes that the increased potency and duration of knockdown mediated by 18-mer RNAi agents with a X058 3′ end cap in Example 3B may be due to the increased association of X058 with Ago2. FIG. 9B shows the X058 and C6 Ago2 Pulldown experiment using Hepcidin 18-mer oligonucleotides.

Briefly, antibodies to Ago2 were used to pull down Ago2 from cells 72 after dosage with RNAi agents comprising either a X058 or C6 3′ end cap, or a non-targeting (NT) control RNAi agent. Analysis was then performed to determine levels of RNAi agents, as shown. FIG. 9B shows that, after 72 hrs, much more RNAi agent with X058 was associated with Ago2 than the RNAi agent with C6.

Thus, these data show that:

HAMP 18-mer (254) siRNAs with X038, X052, X058, X067, or X069 PAZ ligands on guide strand are active in vivo.

X058 shows convincing increased potency and duration of knockdown.

These data thus show the efficacy of RNAi agents having the 18-mer format, wherein the 3′ end cap is X038, X052, X058, X067, or X069.

Example 3C. Additional In Vivo Testing

An additional in vivo testing was done with different chemical formats: (A160_S38,S42,S45 & A161_S38,S42,S45).

In the antisense strand:

A160_→F in position 2 and ribC6 overhang

A161_→F in position 2, 5, 6, 7, and ribC6 overhang

In the sense strand:

_S38-C6 overhang

_S42-ribC6 overhang

_S45-BP overhang

Parameters used in this experiment were:

Mice (n=5/Group) Injected Via IV Bolus (Tail Vein): LNP569

-   -   PBS     -   LNP569-Hamp254 A160_S38-3 mg/kg     -   LNP569-Hamp254 A160_S42-3 mg/kg     -   LNP569-Hamp254 A160_S45-3 mg/kg     -   LNP569-Hamp254 A161_S38-3 mg/kg     -   LNP569-Hamp254 A161_S42-3 mg/kg     -   LNP569-Hamp254 A161_S45-3 mg/kg         48 Hour Timepoint.         Assess Hepcidin Knockdown in Liver (mRNA-qPCR)

The results are shown in FIG. 10. FIG. 10 shows the In vivo comparison of A160 & A161 format [various passenger (sense) strand overhangs]. This experiment was done 48 hours post-dose, with a 1×3 mg/kg dose.

Example 4. Additional Studies Showing Efficacy of 18-Mers Comprising a Spacer, a Second Phosphate or Modified Internucleoside Linker, and a 3′ End Cap

Additional studies are performed using 18-mer RNAi agents comprising a 3′ end cap.

FIG. 13A shows the efficacy of 18-mer RNAi agents wherein the 3′ end cap is X109, X110, X111, X112, X113, X058 or C6. HuR is the target. Doses used are: 1 nM, 0.25 nM, 0.62 nM, and 0.16 nM. RNAi agents comprising any of the 3′ end caps were able to mediate RNA interference, particularly at the highest doses used.

In particular, HuR-PAZ ligands X110, X111 and X112 appear to be similar in potency as X058.

These data thus show the efficacy of RNAi agents having an 18-mer format wherein the 3′ end cap is X109, X110, X111, X112, X113, X058 or C6.

Table 6, below, provides additional data showing the efficacy of 18-mer format RNAi agents with various 3′ end caps: X059, X050, X061, X051, X027, X062, X060, C6 (X003), X068, X065, X069, X097, X066, X098, X052, X063, BP (X014), X038, X067, X058, X064, and ribprib (X025).

TABLE 7 Efficacy of RNAi agents with a 3′ end cap to ELAVL1/HuR in Huh-7 cells in vitro Nickname siTrack siRNA AV SD (dosing 1) 5.04 9.95 19.85 5.04 9.95 19.85 % residual mRNA (qRT-PCR) untreated-HB untreated 100.54 10.76 av_PSAT6-EYFP- eYFP neg. control 1 110.06 104.72 101.98 6.52 13.38 11.84 N1_471_A25S27 av_PNAS-280_1_A25S27 eYFP neg. control 2 102.15 96.16 98.87 15.02 6.60 9.41 hs_ELAVL1_1186_MAN_S42 18-mer siRNA with X059 45.17 20.58 10.24 2.84 0.63 0.79 hs_ELAVL1_1186_MAN_S42 18-mer siRNA with X050 26.69 11.48 6.92 0.99 2.40 1.41 hs_ELAVL1_1186_MAN_S42 18-mer siRNA with X061 26.11 11.49 6.25 5.81 0.99 0.74 hs_ELAVL1_1186_MAN_S42 18-mer siRNA with X051 25.35 10.80 6.88 3.28 0.61 0.86 hs_ELAVL1_1186_MAN_S42 18-mer siRNA with X027 24.54 11.67 6.17 2.90 1.38 1.03 hs_ELAVL1_1186_MAN_S42 18-mer siRNA with X062 24.35 11.68 5.66 2.88 1.46 1.17 hs_ELAVL1_1186_MAN_S42 18-mer siRNA with X060 23.86 9.27 5.62 1.10 0.86 0.76 hs_ELAVL1_1186_A106_S42 18-mer siRNA with C6 22.42 9.77 5.65 1.90 1.60 1.31 (X003) hs_ELAVL1_1186_MAN_S42 18-mer siRNA with X068 22.40 10.77 5.89 2.25 1.92 1.31 hs_ELAVL1_1186_MAN_S42 18-mer siRNA with X065 22.24 10.50 5.20 3.44 1.26 0.96 hs_ELAVL1_1186_MAN_S42 18-mer siRNA with X069 21.93 9.57 6.13 6.25 1.11 1.57 hs_ELAVL1_1186_MAN_S42 18-mer siRNA with X097 21.26 9.83 6.29 3.45 1.98 1.27 hs_ELAVL1_1186_MAN_S42 18-mer siRNA with X066 21.12 10.25 5.77 2.04 1.14 0.43 hs_ELAVL1_1186_MAN_S42 18-mer siRNA with X098 21.06 9.94 6.15 4.39 2.16 1.29 hs_ELAVL1_1186_MAN_S42 18-mer siRNA with X052 21.02 8.32 6.75 1.41 1.29 0.93 hs_ELAVL1_1186_MAN_S42 18-mer siRNA with X063 20.53 10.91 5.61 3.01 0.86 0.18 hs_ELAVL1_1186_A324_S42 18-mer siRNA with BP 20.38 9.37 6.19 2.56 1.37 0.67 (X014) hs_ELAVL1_1186_A27_S30 19-mer pos. control 19.90 8.03 5.40 1.40 0.98 0.37 hs_ELAVL1_1186_MAN_S42 18-mer siRNA with X038 19.80 10.60 5.26 2.52 0.75 0.75 hs_ELAVL1_1186_MAN_S42 18-mer siRNA with X067 19.07 11.38 5.82 2.02 3.00 0.94 hs_ELAVL1_1186_MAN_S42 18-mer siRNA with X058 18.40 10.36 6.23 2.70 2.78 0.42 hs_ELAVL1_1186_MAN_S42 18-mer siRNA with X064 18.33 9.84 6.49 3.03 0.45 1.67 hs_ELAVL1_1186_MAN_S42 18-mer siRNA with ribprib 17.10 9.78 5.75 3.69 1.38 0.75 (X025) hs_ELAVL1_1186_A22_S26 21-mer pos. control 16.68 8.61 5.15 2.39 1.17 0.86

This table provides: the nickname of the RNAi agent (column 1); the length and the 3′ end cap used and identification of controls (column 2); % residual mRNA level, as determined by qRT-PCR, at doses of 5.04, 9.95, and 19.85 nM (columns 3-5); standard deviation (SD) (columns 6-8). HuR is normalized to Cyc.

The knockdown (RNA interference activity) can be readily calculated by subtracting the % residual mRNA from 100%. Thus, the final line shows that the 21-mer pos. (positive) control exhibits 16.68% residual mRNA, indicating 83.32% knockdown.

These data thus show the efficacy of various RNAi agents having the 18-mer format wherein the 3′ end cap is: BP (X014), C6 (X003), rib (X025), X027, X038, X050, X051, X052, X058, X059, X060, X061, X062, X063, X064, X065, X066, X067, X068, X069, X097, or X098. It is noted that the construct designed “18-mer siRNA with ribprib” comprises a first strand and a second strand, wherein the 3′ end of one strand terminates in a phosphate and further comprises in 5′ to 3′ order: a spacer (ribitol), a second phosphate and a 3′ end cap (a second ribitol).

Example 5. 18-Mer RNAi Agents Comprising a Spacer, a Second Phosphate or Modified Internucleoside Linker, and a 3′ End Cap

This Example shows efficacy of 18-mer RNAi agents comprising a spacer, a second phosphate or modified internucleoside linker and a 3′ end cap which is:

X109, X110, X111, X112, X113, X1009, X1010, X1024 or X1025 (FIG. 23A);

X1011, X1012, X1013, X058, X1015, X1016, X1017, X1026, X1027 (FIG. 23B): or

X1018; X1019, X1020, X1021, X1022 or X1028 (FIG. 23C).

It is noted that in this example, C3, C4 and C5 “linkers” refer to a portion of the 3′ end cap between the R1 and the head group. This terminology should be differentiated from the C3, C4, and C5 “spacers”.

The efficacy of such RNAi agents is shown in FIGS. 23A, 23B and 23C.

These data thus show the efficacy of RNAi agents having an 18-mer format, wherein the 3′ end cap is X109, X110, X111, X112, X113, X1009, X1010, X1024 or X1025 (FIG. 23A); X1011, X1012, X1013, X058, X1015, X1016, X1017, X1026, X1027 (FIG. 23B): or X1018; X1019, X1020, X1021, X1022 or X1028 (FIG. 23C).

A HuR 18-mer RNAi agent is used.

In these experiments, Huh-7 cells are transfected using RNAiMax in a 96-well plate format. RNA is isolated 48 hours post-transfection. HuR mRNA is normalized to PPIA endogenous control. RNAi agent concentrations of 3, 10 and 30 pM are chosen based on IC50 data of the PAZ ligands (3′ end caps) previously analyzed. For the X109 to X113 data, an average of two previous data sets is provided.

In general, length of the linker within the 3′ end cap does not significantly affect potency of any of the 3′ end caps.

In separate but related experiments, IC50 data was determined for several 3′ end caps using HuR RNAi agents in Huh-7 cells. Data points for two separate studies are shown below:

pM IC50 pM IC50 3′ end cap study#1 study#2 X058 5.85 12.78 X109 3.47 3.85 X110 1.50 6.42 X111 1.21 3.63 X112 0.72 2.38 X113 2.71 4.55

These data thus show the efficacy of RNAi agents having an 18-mer format, wherein the 3′ end cap is X058, X109, X110, X111, X112, or X113.

Example 6. Additional 18-Mer RNAi Agents Comprising a Spacer, a Second Phosphate or Modified Internucleosider Linker, and a C3, C4, or C5 Linker in the 3′ End Cap

This example shows the efficacy of various 18-mer RNAi agents comprising a 3′ end cap which is:

X110, X1012, X1018, X111, X1013, X112, X058, X1019, X1025, X1027, or X1028.

This various 3′ end caps (illustrated in Table 1) vary in the length of the linker (C3, C4 or C5) between R₂ and the head group.

The target gene is HuR. Huh-7 cells are transfected using RNAiMax transfection reagent. 24 well plates are seeded with 40,000 cells per well. “Reverse transfection” with 1 nM RNAi agent/well is done, followed by incubation for approximately 18 hours. Duplicate plates are set up using one for RNA extraction and the other for duration. Transfection media is replaced with fresh growth media (no RNAi agent) and cells are incubated for an additional 2 days before RNA isolation or split for duration experiments.

Cells are split on days 3 and 7 post-transfection. RNA is isolated at days 3, 7 and 10 post-transfection for HuR mRNA analysis.

Results are shown in FIGS. 21 and 22. The control (NTC) is a mFVII 21-mer RNAi agent.

In FIG. 21, ligand LME844 (X110, X1012 and X1018), the linker length does not appear to alter the duration of activity. For ligand PKF027-895 (X111 and X1013), the shorter linker (C3) and the C4 linker are not significantly different.

In FIG. 22, for ligand LP1230 (X1025, X1027 and X1028), the duration of the C3 linker is better than the longer linkers. There is evidence of this as early as Day 7 post-transfection.

For ligand LKS871 (X112, X058 and X1019), the longer linker appears to have slightly better activity at the later time point and the “trend” is there at Day 7, as well, although the error bars overlaps and it is probably not significant. The X058 activity at Day 10 is about 15% less than demonstrated in a previous duration study, but there will be study to study variability for these types of analyses.

These data thus show the efficacy of RNAi agents comprising a first and a second strand, wherein the 3′ end of the first and/or second strand terminate in a phosphate and further comprise, in 5′ to 3′ order: a spacer (e.g., ribitol), a second phosphate, and a 3′ end cap (e.g., X110, X1012, X1018, X111, X1013, X112, X058, X1019, X1025, X1027, or X1028).

Example 7. Efficacy of Additional 3′ End Caps

The 3′ end caps X1062, X1063 and X1064 were each found to be efficacious when used on RNAi agents. For example, these were effective on HuR siRNAs, wherein the HuR siRNAs were 18-mers as described herein, wherein the 3′ end of each strand terminates in a phosphate and further comprises, in 5′ to 3′ direction, a spacer which is ribitol, a second phosphate, and a 3′ end cap which is X1062, X1063 or X1064. Huh7 cells were transfected with siRNAs using RNAi Max transfection reagent; 24-well plates were seeded with 40,000 cells per well; reverse transfection was performed with 1 nM siRNA per well, and cells were incubated for about 18 hours. Transfection medium was replaced (without siRNA), and cells were incubated for an additional 2 days before RNA isolation or split for seeding. Cells were split on days 3 and 7 post transfection for duration time points. RNA was isolated at days 3, 7 and 10 post-transfection for HuR mRNA analysis. HuR siRNAs with 3′ end caps which were X1062 demonstrated efficacy (knockdown) of 89.0, 77.9 and 32.7% after 3, 7 or 10 days. HuR siRNAs with 3′ end caps which were X1063 and X1064 showed 89.6, 81.5, and 43.7%; and 67.0, 30.9 and 0.0%, respectively, after 3, 7 and 10 days.

Embodiments

-   1. A composition comprising a HBV RNAi agent comprising a first and     a second strand, wherein the sequence of the first and/or second     strand is that of any sequence of Table 8C. -   2. A composition comprising a HBV RNAi agent comprising a first and     a second strand, wherein the sequence of the first and/or second     strand is that of any sequence or an 18-nt portion of any sequence     in any of Tables 8B-8E or 10. -   3. A composition comprising a HBV RNAi agents comprising a first and     a second strand, wherein the sequence of the first and/or second     strand is that of any sequence of at least 15 contiguous nt of any     sequence in any of Tables 8B-8E or 10 (e.g., nt 1-15 or nt 2-16 of     any sequence in these tables). -   4. The composition of any of embodiments 1 to 3, wherein the HBV     RNAi agent is blunt-ended. -   5. The composition of any of embodiments 1 to 4, wherein the first     and second strands are 18-mers and together form a blunt-ended     duplex, and 3′ end of the first and/or second strand terminates in a     phosphate or modified internucleoside linker and further comprises,     in 5′ to 3′ order: a spacer and a 3′ end cap. -   6. The composition of any of embodiments 1 to 5, wherein the spacer     is ribitol. -   7. The composition of any of embodiments 1 to 6, wherein the spacer     is a ribitol, 2′-deoxyribitol, or 2′-methoxyethoxy ribitol (ribitol     with 2′-MOE), a C3, C4, C5 or C6, or 4-methoxybutane-1,3-diol. -   8. The composition of any of embodiments 1 to 7, wherein the 3′ end     cap is C6. -   9. The composition of any of embodiments 1 to 8, wherein the 3′ end     cap is triethylene glycol, cyclohexyl, phenyl, BP (biphenyl),     lithochol (lithocholic acid), adamantane, C3 amino, C7 amino, C3,     C6, C8, C10, C12, X027, X038, X050, X051, X052, X058, X059, X060,     X061, X062, X063, X064, X065, X066, X067, X068, X069, X097, X098,     X109, X110, X111, X112, X113, X1009, X1010, X1011, X1012, X1013,     X1015, X1016, X1017, X1018, X1019, X1020, X1021, X1022, X1024,     X1025, X1026, X1027, X1028, X1047, X1048, X1049, X1062, X1063,     X1064, or ribitol, or any 3′ end cap disclosed herein or known in     the art. -   10. The composition of any of embodiments 1 to 9, wherein the     modified internucleoside linker is selected from phosphorothioate,     phosphorodithioate, phosphoramidate, boranophosphonoate, an amide     linker, and a compound of formula (I):

-   -   where R³ is selected from O⁻, S⁻, NH₂, BH₃, CH₃, C₁₋₆ alkyl,         C₆₋₁₀ aryl, C₁₋₆ alkoxy and C₆₋₁₀ aryl-oxy, wherein C₁₋₆ alkyl         and C₆₋₁₀ aryl are unsubstituted or optionally independently         substituted with 1 to 3 groups independently selected from halo,         hydroxyl and NH₂; and R⁴ is selected from O, S, NH, or CH₂.

-   11. The composition of any of embodiments 1 to 10, wherein one or     more nucleotides is modified or is substituted with DNA, a peptide     nucleic acid (PNA), locked nucleic acid (LNA), morpholino     nucleotide, threose nucleic acid (TNA), glycol nucleic acid (GNA),     arabinose nucleic acid (ANA), 2′-fluoroarabinose nucleic acid     (FANA), cyclohexene nucleic acid (CeNA), anhydrohexitol nucleic acid     (HNA), and/or unlocked nucleic acid (UNA).

-   12. The composition of any of embodiments 1 to 11, wherein the RNAi     agent can be modified on one or both 5′ end.

-   13. The composition of any of embodiments 1 to 12, wherein the sense     strand comprises a 5′ end cap which reduces the amount of the RNA     interference mediated by this strand.

-   14. The composition of any of embodiments 1 to 13, wherein the sense     strand comprises a 5′ end cap selected: a nucleotide lacking a 5′     phosphate or 5′-OH; a nucleotide lacking a 5′ phosphate or a 5′-OH     and also comprising a 2-OMe or 2′-MOE modification;     5′-deoxy-2′-O-methyl modification; 5′-OME-dT; ddT; and 5′-OTr-dT.

-   15. The composition of any of embodiments 1 to 14, wherein at least     one nucleotide is modified or substituted.

-   16. The composition of embodiment 15, wherein said at least one     modified nucleotide is selected from among 2′ alkoxyribonucleotide,     2′ alkoxyalkoxy ribonucleotide, or 2′-fluoro ribonucleotide, and     optionally said at least one modified nucleotide is selected from     2′-OMe, 2′-MOE and 2′-H.

-   17. A method of treating, ameliorating or preventing HBV in a     patient, comprising the step of administering to the patient a     therapeutically effective amount of a composition of any of     embodiments 1 to 16.

Unless defined otherwise, the technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as that usually understood by a specialist familiar with the field to which the disclosure belongs.

Unless indicated otherwise, all methods, steps, techniques and manipulations that are not specifically described in detail can be performed and have been performed in a manner known per se, as will be clear to the skilled person. Reference is for example again made to the standard handbooks and the general background art mentioned herein and to the further references cited therein. Unless indicated otherwise, each of the references cited herein is incorporated in its entirety by reference.

Claims are non-limiting and are provided below.

Although particular embodiments and claims have been disclosed herein in detail, this has been done by way of example for purposes of illustration only, or is not intended to be limiting with respect to the scope of the appended claims, or the scope of subject matter of claims of any corresponding future application. In particular, it is contemplated by the inventors that various substitutions, alterations, and modifications may be made to the disclosure without departing from the spirit and scope of the disclosure as defined by the claims. The choice of nucleic acid starting material, clone of interest, or library type is believed to be a matter of routine for a person of ordinary skill in the art with knowledge of the embodiments described herein. Other embodiments, advantages, and modifications considered to be within the scope of the following claims. Those skilled in the art will recognize or be able to ascertain, using no more than routine experimentation, many equivalents of the specific embodiments of the disclosure described herein. Such equivalents are intended to be encompassed by the following claims. Redrafting of claim scope in later filed corresponding applications may be due to limitations by the patent laws of various countries and should not be interpreted as giving up subject matter of the claims. 

The invention claimed is:
 1. A composition comprising a HBV RNAi agent comprising a first and a second strand, wherein a nucleotide sequence of the first and/or second strand is selected from the group consisting of: SEQ ID NOS: 138-157 and SEQ ID NOS: 217-220, wherein at least one nucleotide is a modified nucleotide or is substituted, the at least one modified nucleotide being selected from the group consisting of 2′ alkoxyribonucleotide, 2′ alkoxyalkoxy ribonucleotide, 2′-fluoro ribonucleotide, 2′-OMe, 2′-MOE and 2′-H, wherein a 3′ end of at least one of the first strand and the second strand terminates in one of a phosphate or modified internucleoside linker, and further comprises, in 5′ to 3′ order, a spacer and a 3′ end cap, the 3′ end cap being selected from the group consisting of: X027, X038, X050, X051, X052, X058, X059, X060, X061, X062, X063, X064, X065, X066, X067, X068, X069, X097, X098, X109, X110, X111, X112, X113, X1009, X1010, X1011, X1012, X1013, X1015, X1016, X1017, X1018, X1019, X1020, X1021, X1022, X1024, X1025, X1026, X1027, X1028, X1047, X1048, X1049, X1062, X1063, and X1064.
 2. The composition of claim 1, wherein the HBV RNAi agent is blunt-ended.
 3. The composition of claim 1, wherein the first and second strands are 18-mers and together form a blunt-ended duplex.
 4. The composition of claim 1, wherein the spacer is ribitol.
 5. The composition of claim 1, wherein the spacer is selected from the group consisting of a ribitol, 2′-deoxyribitol, 2′-methoxyethoxy ribitol (ribitol with 2′-MOE), C3, C4, C5, C6, and 4-methoxybutane-1,3-diol.
 6. The composition of claim 1, wherein the modified internucleoside linker is selected from the group consisting of phosphorothioate, phosphorodithioate, phosphoramidate, boranophosphonoate, an amide linker, and a compound of formula (I), wherein R³ is selected from the group consisting of O⁻, S⁻, NH₂, BH₃, CH₃, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₆₋₁₀ aryl, C₁₋₆ alkoxy and C₆₋₁₀ aryl-oxy, wherein C₁₋₆ alkyl and C₆₋₁₀ aryl are unsubstituted or optionally independently substituted with 1 to 3 groups independently selected from the group consisting of halo, hydroxyl and NH₂; and R⁴ is selected from the group consisting of O, S, NH, and CH₂.
 7. The composition of claim 1, wherein one or more nucleotides is modified or is substituted with DNA, a peptide nucleic acid (PNA), locked nucleic acid (LNA), morpholino nucleotide, threose nucleic acid (TNA), glycol nucleic acid (GNA), arabinose nucleic acid (ANA), 2″-fluoroarabinose nucleic acid (FANA), cyclohexene nucleic acid (CeNA), anhydrohexitol nucleic acid (HNA), and/or unlocked nucleic acid (UNA).
 8. The composition of claim 1, wherein the RNAi agent can be modified on a 5′ end of at least one of the first strand and the second strand.
 9. The composition of claim 1, wherein the sense strand comprises a 5′ end cap which reduces an amount of the RNA interference mediated by the sense strand.
 10. The composition of claim 1, wherein the sense strand comprises a 5′ end cap selected from the group consisting of: a nucleotide lacking a 5′ phosphate or 5′-OH; a nucleotide lacking a 5′ phosphate or a 5′-OH and also comprising a 2-OMe or 2′-MOE modification; 5′-deoxy-2′-O-methyl modification; 5′-OME-dT; ddT; and 5′-OTr-dT.
 11. The composition of claim 1, wherein said at least one modified nucleotide is 2′-OMe.
 12. The composition of claim 1, wherein the 3′ end cap comprises X058.
 13. The composition of claim 1, wherein the spacer comprises ribitol and the 3′ end cap comprises X058.
 14. A method of treating or ameliorating HBV in a patient, comprising the step of administering to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of a composition of claim
 1. 